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make a synthesis

  • 1 syntez|a

    f 1. książk. (ujęcie całościowe) synthesis
    - synteza myślowa mental synthesis
    - dokonać syntezy to make a synthesis
    2. Chem. synthesis
    - synteza związków organicznych the synthesis of organic compounds
    3. Filoz. synthesis
    - □ synteza termojądrowa Fiz. thermonuclear synthesis

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > syntez|a

  • 2 avanzar

    v.
    1 to advance.
    las tropas continúan avanzando the troops are still advancing
    el tráfico no avanzaba the traffic wasn't moving
    Mi chico avanza en la escuela My boy advances in school.
    Ricardo avanzó las ventas Richard advanced=promoted sales.
    2 to make progress.
    está avanzando mucho en sus estudios she's making very good progress with her studies
    esta tecnología avanza a gran velocidad this technology is developing very quickly
    3 to pass (time).
    el tiempo avanza muy deprisa time passes quickly
    a medida que avanza el siglo as the century draws on
    4 to move forward.
    El coche avanza lentamente The car moves forward slowly.
    * * *
    1 to advance, go forward
    1 (mover adelante) to advance, move forward
    2 (dinero) to advance
    3 (promover) to promote
    4 (una propuesta) to put forward
    1 (adelantarse) to go forward, advance; (día, noche) to draw in
    * * *
    verb
    1) to advance, move forward
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=mover) to move forward, advance

    avanzó la ficha cuatro casillas — he moved the counter forward four spaces, he advanced the counter four spaces

    2) [+ dinero] to advance
    3) [+ opinión, propuesta] to put forward
    4) [+ resultado] to predict; [+ predicción] to make
    5) Caribe (=vomitar) to vomit
    2. VI
    1) (=ir hacia adelante) to advance, move forward

    no me esperéis, seguid avanzando — don't wait for me, carry on

    2) (=progresar) to make progress
    3) [noche, invierno] to draw on, approach
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    a) persona/tráfico to advance, move forward

    avanzar hacia la democracia — to move o advance toward(s) democracy

    b) ciencia/medicina to advance
    c) cinta/rollo to wind on
    d) persona (en los estudios, el trabajo) to make progress; negociaciones/proyecto to progress
    e) tiempo to draw on
    2.
    a) ( adelantarse) to move forward, advance
    b) ( mover) to move... forward, advance

    avanzó un peón — he moved o pushed a pawn forward

    c) < propuesta> to put forward
    * * *
    = gain + ground, get + far, go forward, make + gains, make + progress, move ahead, move on, move onwardly, move up, page (through), progress, advance, proceed, press on, come along, fast-forward, take + a step forward, get + ahead, move forward, make + step, take + strides, make + advances, develop, move along, get + unstuck, press forward (with), move + forward, go forth, make + headway.
    Ex. Standardisation of formats is less developed; however UNIMARC is gaining ground as a national exchange format, whilst USMARC is also used by university and public libraries.
    Ex. If scientific reasoning were limited to the logical processes of arithmetic, we should not get far in our understanding of the physical world.
    Ex. Thus, if you want to reply yes, enter a 'y'; if you want to go forward, enter 'f'.
    Ex. Expenditures in public libraries in the USA rose sharply in 1988 while use continued to make modest gains, with the greatest increase in juvenile loans.
    Ex. We could then simply alter our expectations accordingly, and exult in the progress we have made.
    Ex. It is impatient with Juctionville for its failure to move ahead as fast as it would like and is bothered by the city's drabness and general lack of class and culture.
    Ex. Rather readers grow by fits and starts now rushing ahead, now lying fallow, and now moving steadily on.
    Ex. In its simplest statement, the prime goal of any act of education is that it should serve us in the future... takes us somewhere... let us move onwardly more easily.
    Ex. Now we move up the chain providing index entries for each of the potentially sought terms.
    Ex. The system displays the records in brief format and the user can 'page' through the matches until the required record is found.
    Ex. It is normally taken to indicate that the document has been revised, if a work has progressed to a second or subsequent edition.
    Ex. All this is not to be impulsively regretted since specialized studies can advance in no other way, but synthesis becomes increasingly important and dishearteningly more difficult.
    Ex. Before we proceed to look at the operators in detail, a couple of examples may help to make the layout clearer.
    Ex. Hoping the gentler tone and the more relaxed manner meant that her anger was abating, the young man pressed on less apprehensively.
    Ex. However, we have not heard the final word by any means for there are new products and improved examples of existing products coming along.
    Ex. Modern machines have an automatic facility for fast-forward and rewind as well as a manual control for slower, more precise location of the required information on the microfilm.
    Ex. LCSH has taken a further step forward with the use of computer-controlled typesetting.
    Ex. Low-income urban families simply do not have any use for the traditional library or indeed any motivation for self-improvement and getting ahead = Las familias urbanas con ingresos bajos simplemente no tienen la necesidad de usar la biblioteca tradicional o de hecho no sienten motivación para la superación personal y para avanzar.
    Ex. This article argues the need to move forward with the infotech culture without abandoning the service culture.
    Ex. Schucking noted that early step when a child's 'imagination awakes, without corresponding development of the critical faculty,' a step most children make before they reach school age = Schucking se percató de ese primer paso en el niño cuando "se despierta su imaginación sin el correspondiente desarrollo de la capacidad crítica", un paso que dan la mayoría de los niños antes de alcanzar la edad escolar.
    Ex. In the half century since the publication of McKerrow's Introduction bibliography has taken giant strides in many directions.
    Ex. The author maintains that, aside from increasing computational speed, and thus real-time control, musically no advances have been made.
    Ex. The economics journal system has not grown and developed in a structured fashion, which has resulted in overspill into report literature.
    Ex. As university libraries move along this continuum they will become evolutionary, non-hierarchical, entrepreneurial and horizontal.
    Ex. In addition, students can use the glossary to get 'unstuck' while learning.
    Ex. The company is pressing forward with the construction of an environment and a system that permit all employees to demonstrate their full capabilities.
    Ex. Kuwait is not going backwards, but definitely not moving forward.
    Ex. Finally six men agreed to go forth in their underclothes and nooses around their necks in hopeful expectation that their sacrifice would satisfy the king's bloodlust and he would spare the rest of the citizens.
    Ex. Governments are making headway in negotiations aimed at reaching an ambitious and effective global greenhouse gas reduction treaty.
    ----
    * a medida que + avanzar + el año = as the year + wear on.
    * a medida que + avanzar + el día = as the day + wear on.
    * avanzar a duras penas = flounder, grind on.
    * avanzar a toda máquina = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a toda mecha = go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a toda pastilla = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a todo gas = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a todo meter = go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a todo vapor = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a trancas y barrancas = flounder, grind on.
    * avanzar a un ritmo vertiginoso = proceed + at a blistering pace.
    * avanzar con dificultad = wade through, limp, slog along, plod (along/through).
    * avanzar con gran dificultad = grind on.
    * avanzar en + Posesivo + trabajo = advance + Posesivo + work, advance + Posesivo + work.
    * avanzar en una carrera profesional = further + a career.
    * avanzar fácilmente = coast.
    * avanzar gradualmente (hacia) = edge (toward(s)).
    * avanzar hacia = move into, move toward(s).
    * avanzar hacia abajo = work + Posesivo + way down.
    * avanzar lentamente = creep, creep along.
    * avanzar lenta y pesadamente = trundle.
    * avanzar mucho = travel + a long way down the road.
    * avanzar muy despacio = creep, creep along.
    * avanzar poco a poco = shuffle along.
    * avanzar poco a poco (hacia) = edge (toward(s)).
    * avanzar profesionalmente dentro de la institución = rise through + the ranks.
    * avanzar rápidamente = gallop.
    * avanzar viento en popa = steam ahead.
    * conforme + avanzar + el año = as the year + wear on.
    * conforme + avanzar + el día = as the day + wear on.
    * dar vueltas sin avanzar = go round in + circles.
    * hacer avanzar = nudge + Nombre + forward, push + the frontiers of, nudge + Nombre + along, nudge + Nombre + into, push + the boundaries of.
    * hacer avanzar el conocimiento = push back + the frontiers of knowledge.
    * hacer avanzar hacia = nudge + Nombre + toward.
    * hacer que + Nombre + avance = take + Nombre + a/one step forward.
    * no avanzar = tread + water.
    * no avanzar más = go + no further.
    * que avanza lentamente = crawling.
    * que avanza rápidamente = fast-developing.
    * seguir avanzando = forge + ahead, forge + forward.
    * tiempo + avanzar inexorablemente = time + march on.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    a) persona/tráfico to advance, move forward

    avanzar hacia la democracia — to move o advance toward(s) democracy

    b) ciencia/medicina to advance
    c) cinta/rollo to wind on
    d) persona (en los estudios, el trabajo) to make progress; negociaciones/proyecto to progress
    e) tiempo to draw on
    2.
    a) ( adelantarse) to move forward, advance
    b) ( mover) to move... forward, advance

    avanzó un peón — he moved o pushed a pawn forward

    c) < propuesta> to put forward
    * * *
    = gain + ground, get + far, go forward, make + gains, make + progress, move ahead, move on, move onwardly, move up, page (through), progress, advance, proceed, press on, come along, fast-forward, take + a step forward, get + ahead, move forward, make + step, take + strides, make + advances, develop, move along, get + unstuck, press forward (with), move + forward, go forth, make + headway.

    Ex: Standardisation of formats is less developed; however UNIMARC is gaining ground as a national exchange format, whilst USMARC is also used by university and public libraries.

    Ex: If scientific reasoning were limited to the logical processes of arithmetic, we should not get far in our understanding of the physical world.
    Ex: Thus, if you want to reply yes, enter a 'y'; if you want to go forward, enter 'f'.
    Ex: Expenditures in public libraries in the USA rose sharply in 1988 while use continued to make modest gains, with the greatest increase in juvenile loans.
    Ex: We could then simply alter our expectations accordingly, and exult in the progress we have made.
    Ex: It is impatient with Juctionville for its failure to move ahead as fast as it would like and is bothered by the city's drabness and general lack of class and culture.
    Ex: Rather readers grow by fits and starts now rushing ahead, now lying fallow, and now moving steadily on.
    Ex: In its simplest statement, the prime goal of any act of education is that it should serve us in the future... takes us somewhere... let us move onwardly more easily.
    Ex: Now we move up the chain providing index entries for each of the potentially sought terms.
    Ex: The system displays the records in brief format and the user can 'page' through the matches until the required record is found.
    Ex: It is normally taken to indicate that the document has been revised, if a work has progressed to a second or subsequent edition.
    Ex: All this is not to be impulsively regretted since specialized studies can advance in no other way, but synthesis becomes increasingly important and dishearteningly more difficult.
    Ex: Before we proceed to look at the operators in detail, a couple of examples may help to make the layout clearer.
    Ex: Hoping the gentler tone and the more relaxed manner meant that her anger was abating, the young man pressed on less apprehensively.
    Ex: However, we have not heard the final word by any means for there are new products and improved examples of existing products coming along.
    Ex: Modern machines have an automatic facility for fast-forward and rewind as well as a manual control for slower, more precise location of the required information on the microfilm.
    Ex: LCSH has taken a further step forward with the use of computer-controlled typesetting.
    Ex: Low-income urban families simply do not have any use for the traditional library or indeed any motivation for self-improvement and getting ahead = Las familias urbanas con ingresos bajos simplemente no tienen la necesidad de usar la biblioteca tradicional o de hecho no sienten motivación para la superación personal y para avanzar.
    Ex: This article argues the need to move forward with the infotech culture without abandoning the service culture.
    Ex: Schucking noted that early step when a child's 'imagination awakes, without corresponding development of the critical faculty,' a step most children make before they reach school age = Schucking se percató de ese primer paso en el niño cuando "se despierta su imaginación sin el correspondiente desarrollo de la capacidad crítica", un paso que dan la mayoría de los niños antes de alcanzar la edad escolar.
    Ex: In the half century since the publication of McKerrow's Introduction bibliography has taken giant strides in many directions.
    Ex: The author maintains that, aside from increasing computational speed, and thus real-time control, musically no advances have been made.
    Ex: The economics journal system has not grown and developed in a structured fashion, which has resulted in overspill into report literature.
    Ex: As university libraries move along this continuum they will become evolutionary, non-hierarchical, entrepreneurial and horizontal.
    Ex: In addition, students can use the glossary to get 'unstuck' while learning.
    Ex: The company is pressing forward with the construction of an environment and a system that permit all employees to demonstrate their full capabilities.
    Ex: Kuwait is not going backwards, but definitely not moving forward.
    Ex: Finally six men agreed to go forth in their underclothes and nooses around their necks in hopeful expectation that their sacrifice would satisfy the king's bloodlust and he would spare the rest of the citizens.
    Ex: Governments are making headway in negotiations aimed at reaching an ambitious and effective global greenhouse gas reduction treaty.
    * a medida que + avanzar + el año = as the year + wear on.
    * a medida que + avanzar + el día = as the day + wear on.
    * avanzar a duras penas = flounder, grind on.
    * avanzar a toda máquina = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a toda mecha = go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a toda pastilla = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a todo gas = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a todo meter = go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a todo vapor = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a trancas y barrancas = flounder, grind on.
    * avanzar a un ritmo vertiginoso = proceed + at a blistering pace.
    * avanzar con dificultad = wade through, limp, slog along, plod (along/through).
    * avanzar con gran dificultad = grind on.
    * avanzar en + Posesivo + trabajo = advance + Posesivo + work, advance + Posesivo + work.
    * avanzar en una carrera profesional = further + a career.
    * avanzar fácilmente = coast.
    * avanzar gradualmente (hacia) = edge (toward(s)).
    * avanzar hacia = move into, move toward(s).
    * avanzar hacia abajo = work + Posesivo + way down.
    * avanzar lentamente = creep, creep along.
    * avanzar lenta y pesadamente = trundle.
    * avanzar mucho = travel + a long way down the road.
    * avanzar muy despacio = creep, creep along.
    * avanzar poco a poco = shuffle along.
    * avanzar poco a poco (hacia) = edge (toward(s)).
    * avanzar profesionalmente dentro de la institución = rise through + the ranks.
    * avanzar rápidamente = gallop.
    * avanzar viento en popa = steam ahead.
    * conforme + avanzar + el año = as the year + wear on.
    * conforme + avanzar + el día = as the day + wear on.
    * dar vueltas sin avanzar = go round in + circles.
    * hacer avanzar = nudge + Nombre + forward, push + the frontiers of, nudge + Nombre + along, nudge + Nombre + into, push + the boundaries of.
    * hacer avanzar el conocimiento = push back + the frontiers of knowledge.
    * hacer avanzar hacia = nudge + Nombre + toward.
    * hacer que + Nombre + avance = take + Nombre + a/one step forward.
    * no avanzar = tread + water.
    * no avanzar más = go + no further.
    * que avanza lentamente = crawling.
    * que avanza rápidamente = fast-developing.
    * seguir avanzando = forge + ahead, forge + forward.
    * tiempo + avanzar inexorablemente = time + march on.

    * * *
    avanzar [A4 ]
    vi
    1 «tropas/persona/tráfico» to advance, move forward avanzar HACIA algo:
    las tropas avanzan hacia la capital the troops are advancing on the capital
    el país avanza hacia la democracia the country is moving o advancing toward(s) democracy
    2 ( Fot) «rollo» to wind on
    3 «persona» (en los estudios, el trabajo) to make progress; «negociaciones/proyecto» to progress
    no estoy avanzando mucho con este trabajo I'm not making much progress o headway o I'm not getting very far with this work
    4 «tiempo» to draw on
    ■ avanzar
    vt
    1 (adelantarse) to move forward, advance
    avanzaron unos pasos they moved forward o advanced a few steps, they took a few steps forward
    2 (mover) to move … forward, advance
    avanzó un peón he moved o pushed a pawn forward, he advanced a pawn
    3 ‹propuesta› to put forward
    * * *

     

    avanzar ( conjugate avanzar) verbo intransitivo
    a) [persona/tráfico] to advance, move forward

    b) [ciencia/medicina] to advance

    c) [cinta/rollo] to wind on

    d) [ persona] (en los estudios, el trabajo) to make progress;

    [negociaciones/proyecto] to progress

    verbo transitivo

    b) ( mover) to move … forward, advance

    avanzar verbo transitivo to advance, make progress
    ' avanzar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    sacudida
    - salto
    - tantear
    - adelantar
    English:
    advance
    - come forward
    - crawl
    - edge
    - freewheel
    - go forward
    - headway
    - move
    - move along
    - pace
    - proceed
    - progress
    - struggle along
    - struggle on
    - surge
    - wind
    - fast
    - head
    - hover
    - inch
    - lumber
    - scroll
    - somewhere
    * * *
    ♦ vi
    1. [moverse] to advance;
    las tropas continúan avanzando the troops are still advancing;
    el tráfico no avanzaba the traffic wasn't moving
    2. [progresar] to make progress;
    está avanzando mucho en sus estudios she's making very good progress with her studies;
    esta tecnología avanza a gran velocidad this technology is developing very quickly
    3. [tiempo] to pass;
    el tiempo avanza muy deprisa time passes very quickly;
    a medida que avanza el siglo as the century draws on
    4. [carrete] to wind on
    ♦ vt
    1. [adelantar] to move forward;
    las tropas avanzaron sus posiciones the troops advanced their position;
    avanzaron varias posiciones en la clasificación de liga they moved up several places in the league
    2. [noticias]
    avanzar algo a alguien to inform sb of sth in advance;
    les avanzó los resultados del estudio she informed them of the results of the study before it was published
    3. [carrete] to wind on
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 move forward, advance;
    avanzar un pie take a step forward
    2 dinero advance
    II v/i
    1 advance, move forward; MIL advance ( hacia on)
    2 en trabajo make progress
    * * *
    avanzar {21} v
    : to advance, to move forward
    * * *
    1. (progresar) to make progress / to get on
    2. (ir hacia delante) to advance / to move forward

    Spanish-English dictionary > avanzar

  • 3 esforzarse

    1 (físicamente) to make an effort, exert oneself; (moralmente) to try hard, strive
    * * *
    verb
    to strive, make an effort
    * * *
    VPR to exert o.s., make an effort

    hay que esforzarse más — you must try harder, you must make more effort

    esforzarse en o por conseguir algo — to struggle o strive to achieve sth

    * * *
    = put forth + effort, put forth + energy, strive, strain, labour [labor, -USA], toil, struggle, work + hard, slave away, try + hard.
    Ex. Because of this human characteristic of dislike of work, most people must be coerced, controlled, directed, threatened with punishment to get them to put forth adequate effort.
    Ex. The goal may be of little value or of high scientific or cultural significance, but energy is put forth to accomplish a task.
    Ex. The abstractor must resist the temptation to use long sentences in striving to avoid repetition.
    Ex. His small foreign-made car strained with the added burden of an interior packed to capacity with personal belongings and a heavily laden U-Haul trailor attached to the rear.
    Ex. So we see many wits and ingenuities lying scattered up and down the world, whereof some are now labouring to do what is already done and puzzling themselves to reinvent what is already invented.
    Ex. His novels reflect the story of the spirit of man, undaunted and ceaselessly toiling and achieving ever higher levels of culture.
    Ex. The chemist, struggling with the synthesis of an organic compound, has all the chemical literature before him in his laboratory.
    Ex. Not only are the standards written, but there is a body called the Peer Council which works very hard at enforcing the standards.
    Ex. Anyone who's spoken to me recently is probably aware that on most nights I'm up slaving away to the wee hours of the morning on my project.
    Ex. Over the years the profession has tried hard to ignore the steady stream of library school closings.
    ----
    * esforzarse al máximo = do + Posesivo + utmost, stretch + Reflexivo, stretch + Nombre + to the limit, give + Posesivo + utmost, lean over + backwards, work + hard, give + Posesivo + best.
    * esforzarse por = endeavour [endeavor, -USA], try + Posesivo + best, go out of + Posesivo + way to + Infinitivo, do + Posesivo + best, exert + effort, try + Posesivo + heart out, give + Posesivo + best, take + (great) pains to.
    * esforzarse por conseguir = strive for, work toward(s).
    * esforzarse por lograr = strive for.
    * * *
    = put forth + effort, put forth + energy, strive, strain, labour [labor, -USA], toil, struggle, work + hard, slave away, try + hard.

    Ex: Because of this human characteristic of dislike of work, most people must be coerced, controlled, directed, threatened with punishment to get them to put forth adequate effort.

    Ex: The goal may be of little value or of high scientific or cultural significance, but energy is put forth to accomplish a task.
    Ex: The abstractor must resist the temptation to use long sentences in striving to avoid repetition.
    Ex: His small foreign-made car strained with the added burden of an interior packed to capacity with personal belongings and a heavily laden U-Haul trailor attached to the rear.
    Ex: So we see many wits and ingenuities lying scattered up and down the world, whereof some are now labouring to do what is already done and puzzling themselves to reinvent what is already invented.
    Ex: His novels reflect the story of the spirit of man, undaunted and ceaselessly toiling and achieving ever higher levels of culture.
    Ex: The chemist, struggling with the synthesis of an organic compound, has all the chemical literature before him in his laboratory.
    Ex: Not only are the standards written, but there is a body called the Peer Council which works very hard at enforcing the standards.
    Ex: Anyone who's spoken to me recently is probably aware that on most nights I'm up slaving away to the wee hours of the morning on my project.
    Ex: Over the years the profession has tried hard to ignore the steady stream of library school closings.
    * esforzarse al máximo = do + Posesivo + utmost, stretch + Reflexivo, stretch + Nombre + to the limit, give + Posesivo + utmost, lean over + backwards, work + hard, give + Posesivo + best.
    * esforzarse por = endeavour [endeavor, -USA], try + Posesivo + best, go out of + Posesivo + way to + Infinitivo, do + Posesivo + best, exert + effort, try + Posesivo + heart out, give + Posesivo + best, take + (great) pains to.
    * esforzarse por conseguir = strive for, work toward(s).
    * esforzarse por lograr = strive for.

    * * *

    ■esforzarse verbo reflexivo to make an effort [por, to]: se esfuerza por ser agradable, he takes pains to be pleasant
    ' esforzarse' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    afanarse
    - aplicarse
    - desvivirse
    - esmerarse
    - pelear
    - pujar
    - sudar
    - trabajarse
    - empeñar
    - esforzar
    - matar
    English:
    all-out
    - buck up
    - effort
    - exert
    - flog
    - pain
    - peer
    - seek
    - strain
    - strive
    - endeavor
    - try
    - utmost
    * * *
    vpr
    to make an effort;
    tienes que esforzarte más si quieres aprobar you'll have to make more of an effort if you want to pass;
    nos esforzamos, pero fue imposible ganarlos we tried very hard, but they were impossible to beat;
    no te esfuerces, no puede oírte don't bother (shouting), she can't hear you;
    se esforzaron enormemente en la tarea they put a huge amount of effort into the task;
    esforzarse en o [m5] por hacer algo to make an effort to do sth;
    me esforcé por ayudarlos I made a real effort o did my best to help them;
    nos hemos esforzado mucho por ti we've made a real effort for you, we've really put ourselves out for you;
    se esforzó en contener las lágrimas she tried hard to hold back the tears
    * * *
    v/r make an effort, try hard
    * * *
    vr
    : to make an effort
    * * *
    esforzarse vb to try hard [pt. & pp. tried] / to work hard
    se esforzó mucho he tried very hard / he worked very hard

    Spanish-English dictionary > esforzarse

  • 4 marcar

    v.
    1 to mark.
    ese acontecimiento marcó su vida her life was marked by that event
    marcar el ritmo to beat the rhythm
    Ella marca los paquetes She marks the packages.
    Ella marca el territorio She marks=delimits the territory.
    2 to mark, to indicate.
    la cruz marca el lugar donde está enterrado el tesoro the cross marks o indicates (the spot) where the treasure is buried
    3 to dial.
    Ella marca su número She dials his phone number.
    4 to read.
    5 to price (poner precio a).
    6 to score (sport) (tanto).
    7 to set (cabello).
    8 to leave a mark on, to pit, to nick.
    María marcó el mueble Mary left a mark on the piece of furniture.
    9 to earmark.
    María marcó la página Mary earmarked the page.
    10 to put a brand on, to brand, to mark.
    El vaquero marca el ganado The cowboy puts a brand on the cattle.
    11 to tick off, to jot down, to tick.
    Ella marca los goles She ticks off the goals.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ SACAR], like link=sacar sacar
    1 (señalar) to mark; (ganado) to brand
    3 DEPORTE (gol, canasta) to score
    5 (pelo) to set
    6 (cantidad) to indicate, show
    ■ ¿qué precio marca la etiqueta? what's the price on the tag?
    7 (en teléfono) to dial
    8 (resaltar) to show
    \
    marcar el compás to mark the rhythm
    marcar el paso to mark time
    marcarse un farol to show off
    marcarse un tanto, marcarse un triunfo to score points
    * * *
    verb
    5) dial
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=señalar)
    a) [+ objeto, ropa] to mark; [+ ganado] to brand

    ha marcado las toallas con mis iniciales — she has put my initials on the towels, she has marked the towels with my initials

    ¿qué precio marca la etiqueta? — (Com) what's the price (marked) on the label?

    están marcando las camisas — (Com) they are putting prices on the shirts, they are pricing the shirts

    b) [+ límites] to mark
    c) (Inform) [+ bloque, texto] to flag
    d) (Mús) [+ partitura] to mark up
    2) [experiencia, suceso] to mark
    3) [termómetro] to read

    mi reloj marca las dos — it's two o'clock by my watch, my watch says two o'clock

    4) (=designar) [+ tarea] to assign; [+ política, estrategia] to lay down; [+ directrices, pautas] to lay down, give; [+ comienzo, período] to mark
    hito 1), pauta 1)
    5) (=hacer resaltar) to accentuate
    paquete 1., 7)
    6) (=seguir) [+ sospechoso] to shadow, tail
    7) (Dep)
    a) [+ gol] to score
    b) [+ tiempo] to record, clock

    ha marcado un tiempo de 9,46 — he recorded o clocked a time of 9.46

    c) [+ jugador, contrario] to mark, shadow; Méx to tackle
    8) (Mús)

    marcar el compás — to keep time, beat time

    paso II, 1., 4)
    9) (Telec) to dial
    10) (Naipes) to bid
    11) (Peluquería) to set
    2. VI
    1) (Dep) to score
    2) (Telec) to dial
    3) (Peluquería) to set
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( con señal) <ropa/página/baraja> to mark; < ganado> to brand
    b) experiencia/suceso ( dejar huella) to mark
    c) (CS arg) < persona> to scar... for life
    2)
    a) (indicar, señalar) to mark

    el altímetro marcaba 1.500 metros — the altimeter showed o (frml) registered 1,500 meters

    seguimos la pauta marcada por nuestro fundador — we follow the guidelines established by/the standard set by our founder

    b) ( hacer resaltar) <cintura/busto> to accentuate
    c) (Mús)

    marcar el compás/el ritmo — to beat time/the rhythm

    d) (Fís) to mark, tag
    3) < pelo> to set
    4) (Telec) to dial
    5) (Dep)
    a) <gol/tanto> to score
    b) < tiempo> to clock
    c) < jugador> to mark
    2.
    marcar vi
    1) (Dep) to score
    2) (Telec) to dial
    3.
    marcarse v pron
    1)

    marcarse el pelo — (refl) to set one's hair; (caus) to have one's hair set

    2) (Náut) to take a bearing
    * * *
    = flag, mark, mark off, tag, tick (off), leave + Posesivo + mark, brand (as), stigmatise [stigmatize, -USA], tinge, score, score.
    Ex. Since the fields are of different lengths in different records it is necessary that the beginning and end of fields be flagged in some way.
    Ex. In addition, synthesis often requires the use of a facet indicator, which marks the beginning of a new facet for example.
    Ex. Human intervention may also be necessary to mark off the area in the string on the title page that should be indexed, and possibly to add an imprint date if not present.
    Ex. It is occasionally useful for administrative purposes to be able to tag borrowers so that they may be intercepted during charge-out.
    Ex. In particular note, for example by ticking them, those terms that merit a turn in the lead position, and those that do not.
    Ex. Unfortunately, age and lack of proper care have left their marks on many valuable publications, some of which can no longer be used today.
    Ex. Music by Jewish composers and works were branded in Nazi Germany as degenerate art.
    Ex. Findings reaffirm that television stigmatises the occupation of business, independently of economic factors.
    Ex. But the relief was tinged with apprehension that the new housing would lead to slums and crime, as some opponents have long feared.
    Ex. Ithaca was off to a fast start, scoring twice in the game's first two minutes.
    Ex. Closed system tendencies, such as invoking system controls designed to counteract differences and correct deviations (thus scoring creativity as error), only push the institution more rapidly toward extinction.
    ----
    * acción de marcar un número = dialling.
    * marcar con filigrana = watermark.
    * marcar con tiza = chalk.
    * marcar con un círculo = encircle, circle.
    * marcar el camino correcto = point + Nombre + in the right direction.
    * marcar el comienzo = usher in.
    * marcar el compás = beat + time.
    * marcar el curso = chart + course.
    * marcar el final = mark + the end.
    * marcar el inicio = usher in.
    * marcar el tono = establish + the tone.
    * marcar la diferencia = make + the difference, make + a difference, spell + the difference.
    * marcar la pauta en = lead + the way in.
    * marcar las pautas = set + the tone, establish + the tone.
    * marcar los límites = mark out.
    * marcar + Posesivo + final = mark + Posesivo + end.
    * marcar una etapa = mark + a stage.
    * marcar una meta = set + goal.
    * marcar un ensayo = score + a try.
    * marcar un gol = score + goal, score, poach + a goal.
    * marcar un hito = mark + a stage, make + things happen, mark + a watershed.
    * marcar un hito histórico = make + history.
    * marcar un número de teléfono = dial + number.
    * marcar un objetivo = set + goal.
    * marcar un tanto = score, poach + a goal, score + goal.
    * que marca época = landmark.
    * que marca un hito = epoch-making.
    * sin marcar = unpriced.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( con señal) <ropa/página/baraja> to mark; < ganado> to brand
    b) experiencia/suceso ( dejar huella) to mark
    c) (CS arg) < persona> to scar... for life
    2)
    a) (indicar, señalar) to mark

    el altímetro marcaba 1.500 metros — the altimeter showed o (frml) registered 1,500 meters

    seguimos la pauta marcada por nuestro fundador — we follow the guidelines established by/the standard set by our founder

    b) ( hacer resaltar) <cintura/busto> to accentuate
    c) (Mús)

    marcar el compás/el ritmo — to beat time/the rhythm

    d) (Fís) to mark, tag
    3) < pelo> to set
    4) (Telec) to dial
    5) (Dep)
    a) <gol/tanto> to score
    b) < tiempo> to clock
    c) < jugador> to mark
    2.
    marcar vi
    1) (Dep) to score
    2) (Telec) to dial
    3.
    marcarse v pron
    1)

    marcarse el pelo — (refl) to set one's hair; (caus) to have one's hair set

    2) (Náut) to take a bearing
    * * *
    = flag, mark, mark off, tag, tick (off), leave + Posesivo + mark, brand (as), stigmatise [stigmatize, -USA], tinge, score, score.

    Ex: Since the fields are of different lengths in different records it is necessary that the beginning and end of fields be flagged in some way.

    Ex: In addition, synthesis often requires the use of a facet indicator, which marks the beginning of a new facet for example.
    Ex: Human intervention may also be necessary to mark off the area in the string on the title page that should be indexed, and possibly to add an imprint date if not present.
    Ex: It is occasionally useful for administrative purposes to be able to tag borrowers so that they may be intercepted during charge-out.
    Ex: In particular note, for example by ticking them, those terms that merit a turn in the lead position, and those that do not.
    Ex: Unfortunately, age and lack of proper care have left their marks on many valuable publications, some of which can no longer be used today.
    Ex: Music by Jewish composers and works were branded in Nazi Germany as degenerate art.
    Ex: Findings reaffirm that television stigmatises the occupation of business, independently of economic factors.
    Ex: But the relief was tinged with apprehension that the new housing would lead to slums and crime, as some opponents have long feared.
    Ex: Ithaca was off to a fast start, scoring twice in the game's first two minutes.
    Ex: Closed system tendencies, such as invoking system controls designed to counteract differences and correct deviations (thus scoring creativity as error), only push the institution more rapidly toward extinction.
    * acción de marcar un número = dialling.
    * marcar con filigrana = watermark.
    * marcar con tiza = chalk.
    * marcar con un círculo = encircle, circle.
    * marcar el camino correcto = point + Nombre + in the right direction.
    * marcar el comienzo = usher in.
    * marcar el compás = beat + time.
    * marcar el curso = chart + course.
    * marcar el final = mark + the end.
    * marcar el inicio = usher in.
    * marcar el tono = establish + the tone.
    * marcar la diferencia = make + the difference, make + a difference, spell + the difference.
    * marcar la pauta en = lead + the way in.
    * marcar las pautas = set + the tone, establish + the tone.
    * marcar los límites = mark out.
    * marcar + Posesivo + final = mark + Posesivo + end.
    * marcar una etapa = mark + a stage.
    * marcar una meta = set + goal.
    * marcar un ensayo = score + a try.
    * marcar un gol = score + goal, score, poach + a goal.
    * marcar un hito = mark + a stage, make + things happen, mark + a watershed.
    * marcar un hito histórico = make + history.
    * marcar un número de teléfono = dial + number.
    * marcar un objetivo = set + goal.
    * marcar un tanto = score, poach + a goal, score + goal.
    * que marca época = landmark.
    * que marca un hito = epoch-making.
    * sin marcar = unpriced.

    * * *
    marcar [A2 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (con una señal) ‹ropa/página/baraja› to mark; ‹ganado› to brand
    marca la respuesta correcta con una cruz mark the correct answer with a cross, put a cross next to the correct answer
    2 «experiencia/suceso» (dejar huella) to mark
    aquel desengaño la marcó para siempre that disappointment marked her for ever
    una generación marcada por la violencia y el desorden a generation marked by violence and unrest
    3 (Inf) ‹opción/cuadro› to check ( AmE), tick ( BrE)
    4 (CS arg) to scar … for life
    B
    1 (indicar, señalar) to mark
    este artículo/el precio de este artículo no está marcado there is no price (marked) on this article
    dentro del plazo que marca la ley within the period specified by the law
    el reloj marca las doce en punto the time is exactly twelve o'clock
    el altímetro marcaba 1.500 metros the altimeter showed o ( frml) registered 1,500 meters
    su muerte marca el final de una era his death signals o marks the end of an era
    hoy ha marcado un nuevo mínimo it has reached a new low today
    seguimos la pauta marcada por nuestro fundador we follow the guidelines established by/the standard set by our founder
    el año ha estado marcado por hechos de especial relevancia the year has been marked by particularly significant events
    2
    (hacer resaltar): el vestido le marca mucho el estómago the dress makes her stomach stick out o accentuates her stomach
    3 ( Mús):
    marcar el compás/el ritmo to beat time/the rhythm
    4 ( Fís) to mark, tag
    C ‹pelo› to set
    D ( Telec) to dial
    E ( Dep)
    1 ‹gol/tanto› to score
    2 ‹tiempo› to clock
    marcó un tiempo de 2.08 she clocked a time of 2.08
    3 ‹jugador› to mark
    ■ marcar
    vi
    A ( Dep) to score
    B ( Telec) to dial
    A
    marcarse el pelo ( caus) to have one's hair set;
    ( refl) to set one's hair
    B ( Náut) to take a bearing
    * * *

     

    marcar ( conjugate marcar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ( con señal) ‹ropa/página/baraja› to mark;

    ‹ ganado› to brand
    b) [experiencia/suceso] ( dejar huella) to mark

    2
    a) (indicar, señalar) to mark;


    el reloj marca las doce en punto the time is exactly twelve o'clock
    b) ( hacer resaltar) ‹cintura/busto› to accentuate

    c) (Mús):

    ◊ marcar el compás/el ritmo to beat time/the rhythm

    3 ‹ pelo› to set
    4 (Telec) to dial
    5 (Dep)
    a) ‹gol/tanto› to score

    b) ‹ jugador› to mark

    verbo intransitivo
    1 (Dep) to score
    2 (Telec) to dial
    marcarse verbo pronominal:


    ( caus) to have one's hair set
    marcar verbo transitivo
    1 (señalar) to mark: su muerte me marcó profundamente, I was deeply marked by her death
    las piedras marcan la linde, the stones mark the boundary
    2 (resaltar) este vestido me marca las caderas, this dress shows off my hips
    ese gesto marca la importancia del tratado, that gesture stresses the importance of the treaty
    3 Tel to dial: marque el 123 321, dial 123321
    4 (una hora, grados, etc) to indicate, show, mark: el metrónomo marca el compás, the metronome marks the time
    5 Dep (un tanto) to score
    (a otro jugador) to mark
    6 (un peinado) to set: ¿lavar y marcar?, wash and set?
    ' marcar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ceñirse
    - herrar
    - pauta
    - bastar
    - compás
    - gol
    - graduar
    - lavar
    - paso
    - plantilla
    - señal
    - señalar
    - tarjeta
    - tono
    English:
    beat
    - brand
    - cover
    - dial
    - highlight
    - mark
    - pace
    - pit
    - read
    - ring
    - ring up
    - say
    - score
    - set
    - show
    - stand
    - tick
    - tick off
    - trend
    - watershed
    - bookmark
    - check
    - clock
    - flag
    - guard
    - hat
    - hit
    - indent
    - punch
    - redial
    - register
    - scratch
    - stake
    - usher
    - wave
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [poner marca en] to mark;
    [nombre en una lista] to tick off; [poner precio a] to price;
    marcó el itinerario en el mapa she marked the route on the map;
    asegúrate de que marcas las maletas con tu nombre make sure your suitcases are identified with your name;
    marcó la ropa con mis iniciales she put my initials on the clothes;
    marcar los naipes to mark the cards
    2. [indicar] to mark, to indicate;
    la cruz marca el lugar donde está enterrado el tesoro the cross marks o indicates (the spot) where the treasure is buried
    3. [dejar marca en] to mark;
    ese acontecimiento marcó su vida her life was marked by that event
    4. [significar] to mark, to signal;
    el tratado marcó un hito en las relaciones entre las dos potencias the treaty was a landmark in relations between the two powers
    5. [número de teléfono] to dial
    6. [sujeto: termómetro, contador] to read;
    [sujeto: reloj] to say;
    la balanza marca 3 kilos the scales read 3 kilos;
    ¿qué precio marca la etiqueta? what is the price on the label?;
    cuando el reloj marque las seis when the clock strikes six;
    el euro ha marcado un nuevo mínimo frente al dólar the euro has fallen to another all-time low against the dollar
    7. [paso]
    marcar el ritmo to beat time;
    el corredor más lento marcó el ritmo del resto del grupo the slowest runner set the pace for the whole group
    8. Dep [tanto] to score
    9. Dep [a un jugador] to mark
    10. Dep [tiempo] to record;
    [récord] to set
    11. [cabello] to set
    12. Comp
    RP
    marcar tarjeta [en el trabajo] [a la entrada] to clock in, US to punch in;
    [a la salida] to clock out, US to punch out; Fam
    tengo que marcar tarjeta [en casa de la novia] I have to see my girlfriend
    ♦ vi
    1. [dejar secuelas] to leave a mark
    2. [peinar] to set, to style
    3. Dep [anotar un tanto] to score;
    marcar en propia puerta o [m5] meta to score an own goal
    * * *
    v/t
    1 mark
    2 número de teléfono dial
    3 gol score
    4 res brand
    5 de termómetro, contador etc read, register
    6 naipes mark
    7 fig: persona affect
    8 en fútbol etc mark
    * * *
    marcar {72} vt
    1) : to mark
    2) : to brand (livestock)
    3) : to indicate, to show
    4) resaltar: to emphasize
    5) : to dial (a telephone)
    6) : to guard (an opponent)
    7) anotar: to score (a goal, a point)
    marcar vi
    1) anotar: to score
    2) : to dial
    * * *
    marcar vb
    2. (indicar) to say [pt. & pp. said] / to show [pt. showed; pp. shown]
    3. (conseguir un gol) to score
    4. (un número de teléfono) to dial [pt. & pp. dialled]
    ¿has marcado el prefijo? did you dial the code?
    marcar el paso to set the pace [pt. & pp. set]

    Spanish-English dictionary > marcar

  • 5 comprender

    v.
    1 to include, to comprise.
    el periodo comprendido entre 1995 y 1999 the period from 1995 to 1999, the period between 1995 and 1999
    El estudio comprende muchas áreas The study comprises several areas.
    2 to understand.
    te comprendo perfectamente I quite understand
    comprendo que estés triste I can understand that you're unhappy
    como comprenderás, me enfadé muchísimo I don't have to tell you I was absolutely furious
    Ella comprende y perdona She understands and forgives.
    Ella comprendió la lección She understood the lesson.
    * * *
    1 (entender) to understand
    2 (contener) to comprise, include
    \
    ¿comprendes? (en conversación) you see?
    hacerse comprender to make oneself understood
    * * *
    verb
    1) to understand, realize
    2) comprise, cover
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=entender) to understand

    compréndeme, no me quedaba más remedio — you have to understand, I had no choice

    no comprendo cómo ha podido pasar esto — I don't see o understand how this could have happened

    • hacer comprender algo a algn, esto bastó para hacernos comprender su posición — this was all we needed to understand his position

    • hacerse comprender — to make o.s. understood

    2) (=darse cuenta) to realize

    comprendemos perfectamente que haya gente a quien le molesta el tabaco — we fully understand o appreciate that some people are bothered by smoking

    3) (=incluir) to comprise frm

    la colección comprende cien discos y cuarenta libros — the collection consists of o frm comprises a hundred records and forty books

    edad 1)
    2. VI
    1) (=entender) to understand

    ¿comprendes? — do you understand?

    2) (=darse cuenta)

    ¡ya comprendo! — now I see!, I get it (now)! *

    como tú comprenderás, no soy yo quién para juzgarlo — as you will appreciate o understand, I'm not the best person to judge him

    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( entender) to understand, comprehend (frml)

    ¿comprendido? — do you understand? (colloq)

    como usted comprenderá... — as I'm sure you will appreciate...

    b) ( darse cuenta) to realize, understand
    2) (abarcar, contener): libro to cover; factura/precio to include
    2.
    comprender vi ( entender) to understand
    * * *
    = comprehend, comprise (of), gain + an understanding, grasp, have + some grasp, understand, achieve + understanding, fathom, sympathise [sympathize, -USA], see, include, get + Posesivo + head around, wrap + Posesivo + head around, have + a handle on, get + a handle on.
    Ex. Thus, a predominant feature of such software packages is the user related interfaces, which permit a non-programmer to comprehend and interrogate the data stored.
    Ex. The first edition comprised basic classes analysed into facets, using the colon as the notational device for synthesis.
    Ex. Read the document with a view to gaining an understanding of its content and an appreciation of its scope.
    Ex. She must try to convince him that no single individual, no matter how gifted, can any longer grasp the innumerable facets of modern corporate effort.
    Ex. It is necessary to have some grasp of some fundamental aspects of computerized information-retrieval systems.
    Ex. They assume only that the reader has some knowledge of the subject, so that the abstract can be understood.
    Ex. From time to time it may be necessary to consult external references sources in order for the indexer to achieve a sufficient understanding of the document content for effective indexing.
    Ex. As she ascended the staircase to the library director's office, she tried to fathom the reason for the imperious summons.
    Ex. In World War 2 librarians generally sympathised with Britain, but many were isolationist or apathetic during the early years = En la Segunda Guerra Mundial los bibliotecarios generalmente simpatizaban con Gran Bretaña, aunque muchos mantuvieron una actitud no intervencionista o indiferente durante los primeros años.
    Ex. I don't see why the smokers can't leave the building briefly when they want to smoke.
    Ex. Document descriptions may be included in catalogues, bibliographies and other listings of documents.
    Ex. You are not quite sure how one man could get his head around this at the time, but he managed, in a masterful way.
    Ex. Sleuthing is like second-nature to her, and she can't possibly wrap her head around the concept of renouncing it completely.
    Ex. 'I sure wish I had a better handle on this contract language,' he said.
    Ex. Children get a handle on personal responsibility by holding a library card of their own, a card that gives them access to new worlds.
    ----
    * a medio comprender = half-understood.
    * ayudar a comprender mejor = offer + insights, improve + understanding, give + an insight into, glean + insights, provide + insight into, lend + understanding to.
    * comprender bien = be clear in your mind.
    * comprender mal = misunderstand.
    * comprender mejor = gain + insight into, increase + understanding, place + Nombre + in/into + perspective, put into + perspective, gain + a better understanding, gain + a greater understanding, gain + a better sense of, get + a better sense of.
    * comprenderse bien = be well understood.
    * comprender un punto de vista = take + point.
    * difícil de comprender = difficult to understand.
    * empezar a comprender = grow on/upon + Pronombre.
    * fácil de comprender = easy to grasp.
    * hacer comprender = bring + home.
    * no comprender = be beyond + Pronombre.
    * no puedo comprender = I can't get over.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( entender) to understand, comprehend (frml)

    ¿comprendido? — do you understand? (colloq)

    como usted comprenderá... — as I'm sure you will appreciate...

    b) ( darse cuenta) to realize, understand
    2) (abarcar, contener): libro to cover; factura/precio to include
    2.
    comprender vi ( entender) to understand
    * * *
    = comprehend, comprise (of), gain + an understanding, grasp, have + some grasp, understand, achieve + understanding, fathom, sympathise [sympathize, -USA], see, include, get + Posesivo + head around, wrap + Posesivo + head around, have + a handle on, get + a handle on.

    Ex: Thus, a predominant feature of such software packages is the user related interfaces, which permit a non-programmer to comprehend and interrogate the data stored.

    Ex: The first edition comprised basic classes analysed into facets, using the colon as the notational device for synthesis.
    Ex: Read the document with a view to gaining an understanding of its content and an appreciation of its scope.
    Ex: She must try to convince him that no single individual, no matter how gifted, can any longer grasp the innumerable facets of modern corporate effort.
    Ex: It is necessary to have some grasp of some fundamental aspects of computerized information-retrieval systems.
    Ex: They assume only that the reader has some knowledge of the subject, so that the abstract can be understood.
    Ex: From time to time it may be necessary to consult external references sources in order for the indexer to achieve a sufficient understanding of the document content for effective indexing.
    Ex: As she ascended the staircase to the library director's office, she tried to fathom the reason for the imperious summons.
    Ex: In World War 2 librarians generally sympathised with Britain, but many were isolationist or apathetic during the early years = En la Segunda Guerra Mundial los bibliotecarios generalmente simpatizaban con Gran Bretaña, aunque muchos mantuvieron una actitud no intervencionista o indiferente durante los primeros años.
    Ex: I don't see why the smokers can't leave the building briefly when they want to smoke.
    Ex: Document descriptions may be included in catalogues, bibliographies and other listings of documents.
    Ex: You are not quite sure how one man could get his head around this at the time, but he managed, in a masterful way.
    Ex: Sleuthing is like second-nature to her, and she can't possibly wrap her head around the concept of renouncing it completely.
    Ex: 'I sure wish I had a better handle on this contract language,' he said.
    Ex: Children get a handle on personal responsibility by holding a library card of their own, a card that gives them access to new worlds.
    * a medio comprender = half-understood.
    * ayudar a comprender mejor = offer + insights, improve + understanding, give + an insight into, glean + insights, provide + insight into, lend + understanding to.
    * comprender bien = be clear in your mind.
    * comprender mal = misunderstand.
    * comprender mejor = gain + insight into, increase + understanding, place + Nombre + in/into + perspective, put into + perspective, gain + a better understanding, gain + a greater understanding, gain + a better sense of, get + a better sense of.
    * comprenderse bien = be well understood.
    * comprender un punto de vista = take + point.
    * difícil de comprender = difficult to understand.
    * empezar a comprender = grow on/upon + Pronombre.
    * fácil de comprender = easy to grasp.
    * hacer comprender = bring + home.
    * no comprender = be beyond + Pronombre.
    * no puedo comprender = I can't get over.

    * * *
    comprender [E1 ]
    vt
    A (entender) to understand
    comprendo tus temores/su reacción I understand your fears/his reaction
    nadie me comprende nobody understands me
    vuelve a las once ¿comprendido? I want you back at eleven, do you understand?, I want you back at eleven, do you have that? ( AmE) o ( BrE) have you got that? ( colloq)
    entonces comprendió que lo habían engañado he realized then that he had been tricked
    como usted comprenderá, no podemos hacer excepciones as I'm sure you will appreciate, we cannot make exceptions
    designios que la mente humana no alcanza a comprender designs that the human mind cannot comprehend
    B
    (abarcar, contener): el segundo tomo comprende los siglos XVII y XVIII the second volume covers the 17th and 18th centuries
    los gastos de calefacción están comprendidos en esta suma the heating costs are included in this total
    IVA no comprendido not including VAT, excluding VAT, exclusive of VAT ( frml)
    jóvenes de edades comprendidas entre los 19 y los 23 años young people between the ages of 19 and 23
    * * *

     

    comprender ( conjugate comprender) verbo transitivo
    1




    2 (abarcar, contener) [ libro] to cover;
    [factura/precio] to include
    verbo intransitivo ( entender) to understand;

    comprender verbo transitivo
    1 (incluir, abarcar) to comprise, include
    2 (entender) to understand ➣ Ver nota en understand

    ' comprender' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aclararse
    - asequible
    - concebir
    - entender
    - explicarse
    - percibir
    - seguir
    - cuenta
    - explicar
    - incluir
    English:
    comprehend
    - comprise
    - cotton on
    - figure out
    - get through
    - grasp
    - incorporate
    - insight
    - sympathize
    - understand
    - misunderstand
    - realize
    - though
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [incluir] to include, to comprise;
    el grupo comprende varias empresas the group comprises several companies;
    el país comprende tres regiones bien diferenciadas the country consists of three quite distinct regions;
    el gasto de instalación no está comprendido the cost of installation is not included;
    la exposición comprende 500 cuadros the exhibition consists of 500 paintings;
    el periodo comprendido entre 1995 y 1999 the period between 1995 and 1999 o from 1995 to 1999
    2. [entender] to understand;
    como comprenderás, me enfadé muchísimo I don't have to tell you I was absolutely furious;
    te comprendo perfectamente I quite understand;
    no comprendo tu actitud I don't understand your attitude;
    no comprendo cómo puede gustarte Carlos I don't know what you see in Carlos;
    comprendo que estés triste I can understand that you're unhappy;
    ¿comprendes?, si no se lo decimos se va a enfadar look, if we don't tell him, he's going to get angry
    * * *
    v/t
    1 understand;
    hacerse comprender make o.s. understood;
    comprender mal misunderstand
    2 ( abarcar) include
    * * *
    1) entender: to comprehend, to understand
    2) abarcar: to cover, to include
    : to understand
    ¡ya comprendo!: now I understand!
    * * *
    1. (entender) to understand [pt. & pp. understood]
    2. (incluir) to be made up of

    Spanish-English dictionary > comprender

  • 6 Aufbau

    m; Pl. -ten
    1. nur Sg.; (das Aufbauen) eines Lagers, Zeltes etc.: erection; (Wiederaufbau) rebuilding, (re)construction; TECH. (Montage) assembly, mounting; CHEM. synthesis; Ost
    2. nur Sg.; einer Organisation, eines Unternehmens etc.: building, development, system; der Wirtschaft etc.: building up; im Aufbau under development; im Aufbau begriffen in the process of organization, in the initial stages
    3. nur Sg; (Struktur, Gliederung) structure; eines Bilds: composition; eines Dramas: structure; eines Kunstwerks: composition, make-up
    4. meist Pl.; eines Schiffes: superstructure Sg.; auf der Bühne: stage set; Film: set Sg.
    5. (Karosserie) (car) body
    * * *
    der Aufbau
    structure; setup; construction
    * * *
    Auf|bau
    m pl - bauten
    1) no pl (= das Aufbauen) construction, building; (von neuem Staat) building; (von Netzwerk, System) setting up; (= das Wiederaufbauen) reconstruction

    der wirtschaftliche Áúfbau — the building up of the economy

    der Áúfbau Ost — the rebuilding of East Germany

    2) (= Aufgebautes, Aufgesetztes) top; (von Auto, LKW) coachwork no pl, body
    See:
    3) no pl (= Struktur) structure
    * * *
    Auf·bau1
    ▪ der \Aufbau assembling, construction
    der \Aufbau von Kontakten the setting up of contacts
    der \Aufbau eines Landes the building of a state
    der \Aufbau eines sozialen Netzes the creation of a social network
    der \Aufbau der Wirtschaft/der wirtschaftliche \Aufbau the building up of the economy
    3. (Wiedererrichtung) reconstruction
    der \Aufbau der Kommunikationsverbindungen the reinstatement of communications
    4. (Struktur) structure
    Auf·bau2
    <- bauten>
    m
    1. (Karosserieaufbau) body[work [or shell]]
    2. meist pl NAUT superstructure no pl, no indef art
    * * *
    der; Pl. Aufbauten
    1) o. Pl. construction; building; (fig.) building
    2) o. Pl. (Biol.) synthesis
    3) o. Pl. (Struktur) structure
    4) Plural (Schiffbau) superstructure sing
    * * *
    Aufbau m; pl -ten
    1. nur sg; (das Aufbauen) eines Lagers, Zeltes etc: erection; (Wiederaufbau) rebuilding, (re)construction; TECH (Montage) assembly, mounting; CHEM synthesis; → Ost
    2. nur sg; einer Organisation, eines Unternehmens etc: building, development, system; der Wirtschaft etc: building up;
    im Aufbau under development;
    im Aufbau begriffen in the process of organization, in the initial stages
    3. nur sg; (Struktur, Gliederung) structure; eines Bilds: composition; eines Dramas: structure; eines Kunstwerks: composition, make-up
    4. meist pl; eines Schiffes: superstructure sg; auf der Bühne: stage set; FILM set sg
    5. (Karosserie) (car) body
    * * *
    der; Pl. Aufbauten
    1) o. Pl. construction; building; (fig.) building
    2) o. Pl. (Biol.) synthesis
    3) o. Pl. (Struktur) structure
    4) Plural (Schiffbau) superstructure sing
    * * *
    -ten m.
    structure n.
    superstructure n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Aufbau

  • 7 συντίθημι

    συντίθημι, used by Hom. only in [voice] Med., v. infr.:—[voice] Pass. (v. infr.), but σύγκειμαι is more freq. as [voice] Pass.:—
    A place or put together,

    τὴν οὐρὴν καὶ τὸν σπλῆνα.. συνθεὶς ὁμοῦ Hdt.2.47

    , cf. 4.67;

    ὅπλα ἐν τῷ ναῷ X.HG2.3.20

    ;

    ἅπαντα εἰς ἕν E.IT 1016

    ;

    ἐν ὀλίγῳ πάντα Id.Supp. 1126

     (lyr.);

    ὁ πρῶτος συνθεὶς εἰς ταὐτὸν τὰ δύο ταῦτα βιβλίδια Gal.15.109

    ; σ. ἱμάτια, opp. ἀνασείειν, fold them together, X. Oec.10.11; σ. σκέλη, opp. ἐκτείνειν, Id.Cyn.5.10; opp. διαιρεῖσθαι, Pl.Sph. 252b; σ. ἄρθρα στόματος close the lips, E.Cyc. 625; εἰς τὸ οὖλον ( αυλον cod.) σ. τὴν κόμην, = calamistrat, Gloss.:—[voice] Pass., τὸ συντίθεσθαι καθ' ὁντινοῦν τρόπον ῥῖγος οὐκ ἀγαθόν ἐστι any sort of combination of shivering (with other symptoms), Gal.16.746.
    2 technical uses,
    a Math., add together, of numbers, Hdt.3.95 ([voice] Pass.); τό τε ἀρχαῖον καὶ τὸ ἔργον principal and interest, D.27.17, cf. 29.30: Geom., of lines and figures, Archim.Spir.Praef., Papp.70.4.
    b Math. also, of the transformation of a ratio componendo, Arist. EN 1131b8 ([voice] Pass.), Euc.5.18,24 ([voice] Pass.).
    c Logic, combine the terms of a proposition, Arist.Metaph. 1012a4, 1024b19 ([voice] Pass.); also, use the fallacy of composition (cf.

    σύνθεσις 1.2e

    ), Id.Rh. 1401a24.
    e σ. λόγον make up an account, PHib.1.48.15 (iii B.C.).
    II put together constructively, so as to make a whole, πεντηκοντέρους καὶ τριήρεας (as a bridge) Hdt.7.36; λίθους, of builders, Th.4.4, IG42(1).103.59 (Epid., iv B.C.); πλίνθους, ξύλα, X.Mem.3.1.7, etc.;

    τὰ ὄστρακα IG42(1).121.82

     (Epid., iv B.C.);

    τὰ κομισθέντα Sor. 2.64

    ;

    ἐκ τούτων τὰ μέγιστα.. συνθεὶς τοῦτον.. τὸν λόγον ποιήσομαι Hippias Eleus 6

     D.;

    συλλαβάς Pl.Cra. 424e

    .
    2 construct, frame,

    τὸ θνητὸν γένος Pl.Ti. 69d

    ; ὁ συνθείς the creator, ib. 33d:—[voice] Pass., to be constructed, of the material universe, opp. διαλύεσθαι, Arist.Cael. 304b30.
    3 construct or frame a story,

    συνθέντες λόγον Id.Ba. 297

    , cf. Ar.Ra. 1052 (anap.), Pl.Phdr. 260b;

    οἱ τὰς τέχνας τῶν λόγων συντιθέντες Arist.Rh. 1354a12

    ; narrate in writing,

    τὰ Ἑλληνικά Th.1.97

    , cf. 21; compose, σ. μύθους, ποίησιν, μελῳδίαν, ὄρχησιν, Pl.R. 377d, Phdr. 278c, Lg. 812d, 816c;

    αἴνιγμα Id.Ap. 27a

    ;

    ὁ τὴν ἐνθάδε συνθεὶς ἀνατομήν Gal.15.147

    :—[voice] Pass., [tense] pf. συντέθειται ib.797;

    περὶ ὀλίγας οἰκίας αἱ.. τραγῳδίαι συντίθενται Arist.Po. 1453a19

    .
    4 Math., of the synthesis of a geometrical problem, opp. ἀναλύω, Id.SE 175a28, Papp.648.13; συντεθήσεται τὸ πρόβλημα οὕτως the synthesis of the problem will proceed thus, Archim.Sph.Cyl.2.1, cf. Apollon. Perg.Con.1 Praef., 2.44, al.
    5 frame, devise, contrive, ὁ συνθεὶς τάδε the framer of this plot, S.OT 401, cf. Th.8.68;

    ἐξ ἐπιβουλῆς σ. ταῦτα Antipho 5.25

    ;

    σ. λόγους ψευδεῖς Id.6.9

    ;

    ψευδεῖς αἰτίας D.25.28

    ;

    τὴν κατηγορίαν And.1.6

    , etc.; rarely in good sense,

    εὖ πρᾶγμα συντεθὲν ὄψεσθε D.18.144

    .
    6 put together, take in, comprehend,

    παιδὸς μόρον A.Supp.65

     (lyr.);

    ὄμνυ.. θεῶν συντιθεὶς ἅπαν γένος E.Med. 747

    ;

    πάσας συντιθεὶς ψέγει γυναῖκας Id.Fr. 657

    , cf. Hec. 1184: ἐν βραχεῖ ξυνθεὶς λέγω putting things shortly together, speaking briefly, S.El. 673.
    III commit to a person's care, deliver to him for his own use or that of others, PMich.Zen.2.3,14 (iii B.C.), PCair.Zen.4.23, 6.11,64, 299.9, al. (iii B.C.);

    γνώριζε οὐχ ὑπάρχον παρ' ἡμῖν ἀργύριον τοσοῦτο ὥστε ἱκανὸν συνθεῖναι Πυρρίχῳ PMich.Zen.28.18

    , cf. 32.7, PSI4.392.7, 5.524.3, 6.613.8, 7.862.1, PLille 15.3 (all iii B.C.); τινὶ ὀστᾶ, ἐπιστολάς, πλῆθος χρυσίου, etc., Plb.5.10.4, 8.17.4, 15.25.16, cf. 27.7.1, 28.22.3, IG12(5).590.12 (Ceos, ii B.C.), 11(4).1056.4 (Delos, ii B.C., cf. Jahresh.24.171), OGI345.11 (Delph., i B.C.).
    IV collect, conclude, infer, Plb. 28.17.14, Arr.Ind.34.
    B [voice] Med. συντίθεμαι, used by Hom. only in [tense] aor. 2 and in signf. 1:
    II agree on, conclude (cf. συνθήκη)

    , ἄνδρεσσι κακοῖς συνθέμενοι φιλίην Thgn.306

    ; συντίθεσθαι συμμαχίην, ὁμαιχμίην τισί, Hdt.2.181, 8.140.á;

    τὰς ξυνθήκας ἂς ξυνέθεντο IG12.117.4

    , cf. 116.27, al.;

    εἰρήνην Isoc. 15.109

    ; σ. ναῦλον agree upon the fare, X. An.5.1.12; ταῦτα συνθέμενοι having agreed on these points, Th.3.114, cf. Ar.Lys. 178, Plu.Alc.31;

    ξυνέθεσθε κοινῇ τάδε E.Ba. 807

    , cf. 808; so

    τάπερ τῷ Δαρείῳ συνεθήκατο

     with

    D.

    , Hdt.3.157;

    σ. Ἴωσι ξεινίην Id.1.27

    ;

    μισθόν τινι Pl.Grg. 520c

    ;

    σ. τι πρός τινα Hdt.7.145

    , etc.:—[voice] Pass., τοῦ συντεθέντος χρόνου agreed upon, Pl.Phdr. 254d.
    2 c. inf., covenant, agree to do,

    συνέθευ παρέχειν φωνάν Pi.P.11.41

     (dub. l.);

    σ. ἀλλήλοις μήτ' ἀδικεῖν μήτ' ἀδικεῖσθαι Pl.R. 359a

    , cf. And. 4.18, Arist.Pol. 1257a35: c. inf. [tense] fut.,

    ξυνέθεντο ἥξειν Th.6.65

    ; σ. τινί folld. by inf. [tense] fut.,

    συνθέμενοι ἡμῖν.. ἀντιώσεσθαι Hdt.9.7

    .β, cf. And.1.42: an inf. must be supplied in the phrases, κατὰ (i.e. καθ' ἃ) συνεθήκαντο, καθ' ὅτι ἂν συνθῶνται, etc., Hdt.3.86, Foed. ap. Th.5.18: also

    σ. ὡς.. Hdt.6.84

    ;

    ὡς δεῖ ἕκαστα γίγνεσθαι X.HG5.4.2

    .
    3 abs., make a covenant,

    ἔβαν συνθέμενος Pi.N.4.75

     (constr. uncertain in Alc.Supp.5.11): c. dat., Hdt.6.115, X.An.1.9.7, POxy.1668.12 (iii A.D.);

    αὐτὸς σαυτῷ συνέθου Pl.Cra. 435a

    ; συνθέσθαι πρός τινα come to terms with him, Decr. ap. D.18.187, POxy.908.18 (ii/iii A.D.);

    περί τινος πρὸς ἀλλήλους D.S.1.98

    ; also, bet, wager, Thphr. HP9.17.2, Men.Epit. 288;

    πρός τινας Plu.Alc.8

    .
    4 vote with, support,

    τούτοις Lys.Fr.68

    , cf. Call.Epigr.1.14, D.H.Isoc.18, Paus. 4.15.2;

    τοῖς ἀπὸ Ἡροφίλου Sor.2.53

    ; assent to,

    πᾶσι τοῖς προκειμένοις PFay.34.20

     (ii A.D.);

    ἵνα μὴ δόξω συνθέσθαι τῇ τοῦ πραγματικοῦ ἀγνοίᾳ POxy.78.23

     (iii A.D.).
    5 conclude, infer (cf. A. IV), Stoic.2.63, Phld.Sign.2, al.:—[voice] Pass., τὰ ὕστερον -τεθησόμενα ib.28.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > συντίθημι

  • 8 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 9 conocimiento

    m.
    1 knowledge.
    hablar/actuar con conocimiento de causa to know what one is talking about/doing
    poner algo en conocimiento de alguien to bring something to somebody's attention, to inform somebody of something
    tener conocimiento de algo to be aware of something
    ha llegado a mi conocimiento que estás insatisfecho it has come to my attention that you are not happy
    2 consciousness (sentido, conciencia).
    perder/recobrar el conocimiento to lose/regain consciousness
    estaba tumbado en el suelo, sin conocimiento he was lying unconscious on the floor
    3 awareness, consciousness, cognizance.
    * * *
    1 (In 1, also used in plural with the same meaning) (saber) knowledge
    2 (sensatez) good sense
    3 (conciencia) consciousness
    \
    con conocimiento de causa with full knowledge of the facts
    perder el conocimiento to lose consciousness
    poner algo en conocimiento de alguien to make something known to somebody, inform somebody of something
    recobrar el conocimiento to regain consciousness, come round
    tener conocimiento de algo to know about something
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=saber) knowledge

    conocimientos — (=nociones) knowledge sing

    mis pocos conocimientos de filosofía/cocina — my limited knowledge of philosophy/cookery

    2) (=información) knowledge

    • dar conocimiento de algo, dimos conocimiento del robo a la policía — we informed the police about the robbery

    • llegar a conocimiento de algn — to come to sb's attention o notice

    • tener conocimiento de algo, aún no tenemos conocimiento de su detención — we still do not know that he has been arrested

    desea ponerlo en conocimiento público — he wants it brought to the public's attention, he wishes it to be made public

    conocimiento de causa, hacer algo con conocimiento de causa — to be fully aware of what one is doing

    3) (=consciencia) consciousness

    recobrar o recuperar el conocimiento — to regain consciousness

    4) (=sentido común) common sense
    5) (Jur) cognizance frm
    6) (Com)
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( saber) knowledge
    b) conocimientos masculino plural ( nociones) knowledge
    2) (frml) ( información)

    dar conocimiento de algo a alguien — to inform o (frml) apprise somebody of something

    pongo en su conocimiento que... — (Corresp) I am writing to inform you that...

    con conocimiento de causa: obró con conocimiento de causa (frml) he took this step, fully aware of what the consequences would be; hablo con conocimiento de causa — I know what I'm talking about

    3) ( sentido) consciousness

    perder/recobrar el conocimiento — to lose/regain consciousness

    aún es pequeño, no tiene todavía conocimiento — he's not old enough to understand

    * * *
    = cognition, competency, enlightenment, expertise, familiarisation [familiarization, -USA], familiarity, insight, knowledge, learning, acquaintance, understanding, cognisance [cognizance, -USA], connoisseurship, consciousness.
    Ex. The information-processing model of cognition, and developments in artificial intelligence encourage such comparisons = El modelo de la cognición sobre el procesamiento de la información de y los avances de la inteligencia artificial fomentan este tipo de comparaciones.
    Ex. SLIS programmes intended to 'produce' librarians with competency in the use of IT have to be designed.
    Ex. Considered as necessary work in the interest of humanity and general enlightenment, bibliography gains ground as the years pass.
    Ex. Its primary function is to provide a centre for software and hardware expertise for its members.
    Ex. Step 1 Familiarisation: This first step involves the indexer in becoming conversant with the subject content of the document to be indexed.
    Ex. The most effective searchers are those who have both system experience and some familiarity with the subject area in which they are searching.
    Ex. The human indexer works mechanically and rapidly; he should require no insight into the document content.
    Ex. These factors form the basis of the problems in identifying a satisfactory subject approach, and start to explain the vast array of different tolls used in the subject approach to knowledge.
    Ex. It is the responsibility of educators to stretch their student's intellects, hone their skills of intuitive judgment and synthesis, and build a love of learning that will sustain them beyond the level of formal education.
    Ex. It is only with accumulating experience and many years of close study and acquaintance with bibliographic works that a really substantial body of knowledge of the potential of bibliographic sources is acquired.
    Ex. We librarians ought to have a clearer understanding of our stock-in-trade (books) and their function of social mechanism.
    Ex. The passive cognisance of growth causes considerable difficulties = El conocimiento pasivo del crecimiento causa dificultades importantes.
    Ex. This book explores the underlying institutional factors that help museum-based connoisseurship and aestheticism and university-based critical theory and revisionist scholarship exist.
    Ex. For example, the latter are unlikely to engage themselves in conservation issues as these now press upon the professional consciousness of librarians.
    ----
    * actualizar los conocimientos = upgrade + Posesivo + skills.
    * adquirir conocimiento = gain + knowledge, glean + knowledge, acquire + knowledge, build up + knowledge.
    * ampliar el conocimiento = expand + Posesivo + knowledge, expand + Posesivo + knowledge, widen + knowledge, broaden + knowledge, deepen + understanding.
    * ampliar las fronteras del conocimiento = push back + the frontiers of knowledge.
    * análisis de áreas del conocimiento = domain analysis.
    * análisis de dominios del conocimiento = domain analysis.
    * aprendizaje rico en conocimiento = knowledge-rich learning.
    * área de conocimiento = area of study.
    * área del conocimiento = area of knowledge, discipline, subject field, field of activity, knowledge domain, discipline of knowledge.
    * aumentar el conocimiento = expand + Posesivo + knowledge, deepen + awareness.
    * aumento del conocimiento = knowledge building.
    * bannco de conocimiento = knowledge bank.
    * basado en el conocimiento = knowledge-based.
    * basado en las disciplinas del conocimiento = discipline-based.
    * bibliotecario con conocimientos de medicina = informationist.
    * búsqueda del conocimiento = quest for/of knowledge.
    * campo del conocimiento = field of knowledge.
    * centrado en el conocimiento = knowledge-centric.
    * ciencia del conocimiento = cognitive science.
    * compartir el conocimiento = knowledge sharing, pool + knowledge.
    * con conocimiento = authoritatively.
    * con conocimiento básico en el manejo de la información = information literate [information-literate].
    * con conocimiento básico en el uso de la biblioteca = library literate [library-literate].
    * con conocimiento de = appreciative of, conversant with.
    * con conocimiento de causa = knowingly, knowingly.
    * con conocimiento de informática = computer literate [computer-literate].
    * con conocimiento en el uso de Internet = Internet-savvy.
    * con conocimientos en = versed in.
    * con conocimientos sobre el correo electrónico = e-mail literate.
    * con el conocimiento de que = on the understanding that.
    * conjunto de conocimientos = body of knowledge.
    * conocimiento académico = academic knowledge.
    * conocimiento acumulado sobre un tema = lore.
    * conocimiento básico = working familiarity, working knowledge.
    * conocimiento científico = scientific knowledge.
    * conocimiento compartido = knowledge sharing.
    * conocimiento de base = foundation study.
    * conocimiento de cómo sobrevivir en el bosque = woodcraft.
    * conocimiento de embarque = bill of lading.
    * conocimiento de la existencia = awareness.
    * conocimiento de lengua = language skill.
    * conocimiento del objeto = object knowledge.
    * conocimiento de los diferentes soportes = media competency.
    * conocimiento detallado = intimate knowledge.
    * conocimiento de un área temática = area knowledge.
    * conocimiento documentado = recorded knowledge.
    * conocimiento enciclopédico = factual knowledge.
    * conocimiento en tecnología = technological skill.
    * conocimiento específico = expert knowledge.
    * conocimiento experto = expert knowledge, expertise.
    * conocimiento explícito = explicit knowledge.
    * conocimiento factual = declarative knowledge.
    * conocimiento humano = human consciousness.
    * conocimiento humano, el = human record, the.
    * conocimiento indígena = indigenous knowledge.
    * conocimiento lingüístico = language skill.
    * conocimiento mutuo = mutual knowledge.
    * conocimiento pasivo = nodding acquaintance.
    * conocimiento pleno = awareness.
    * conocimiento práctico = working knowledge, procedural knowledge.
    * conocimiento previo = foreknowledge.
    * conocimientos = knowledge base [knowledge-base].
    * conocimientos básicos = literacy.
    * conocimientos básicos de búsqueda, recuperación y organización de informació = information literacy.
    * conocimientos básicos de documentación = information literacy.
    * conocimientos básicos de informática = computer literacy.
    * conocimientos básicos en tecnología = technical literacy.
    * conocimientos básicos sobre el uso de las bibliotecas = library skills.
    * conocimientos de tecnología = techno-savvy, tech-savvy.
    * conocimientos en el manejo de la información = info-savvy.
    * conocimiento sobre una materia = subject knowledge.
    * conocimientos requeridos = job specs.
    * conocimiento tácito = tacit knowledge, tacit knowledge, tacit knowledge.
    * conocimiento técnico = know-how, technical knowledge.
    * conocimiento teórico = declarative knowledge.
    * con poco conocimiento de las nuevas tecnologías = technologically challenged.
    * corpus de conocimiento = corpus of knowledge.
    * crear un fondo común de conocimientos = pool + knowledge.
    * cúmulo de conocimiento = repository of knowledge, knowledge repository.
    * decisión con conocimiento de causa = informed decision.
    * difundir el conocimiento = spread + knowledge.
    * director ejecutivo de la gestión del conocimiento = knowledge executive.
    * dominio del conocimiento = knowledge domain.
    * economía basada en el conocimiento = knowledge driven economy.
    * economía del conocimiento = knowledge economy.
    * Era del Conocimiento, la = Knowledge Age, the.
    * estructuración del conocimiento = knowledge structuring.
    * examinar los conocimientos = test + knowledge.
    * falta de conocimiento = unfamiliarity.
    * filtro del conocimiento = knowledge filter.
    * fomentar el conocimiento = advance + knowledge.
    * fondo común de conocimientos = pool of knowledge, pool of expertise.
    * frontera del conocimiento = frontier of knowledge.
    * fundamentos del conocimiento, los = foundations of knowledge, the.
    * gestión del conocimiento = knowledge management (KM).
    * gestor del conocimiento = knowledge worker, knowledge manager.
    * hacer avanzar el conocimiento = push back + the frontiers of knowledge.
    * hacer gala del conocimiento que uno tiene = air + knowledge.
    * hacer perder el conocimiento = knock + Nombre + out, knock + Nombre + unconscious.
    * hacer uso de un conocimiento = draw on/upon + knowledge.
    * impartir conocimiento = impart + knowledge.
    * inculcar conocimiento = instil + knowledge.
    * ingeniería del conocimiento = knowledge engineering.
    * ingeniero del conocimiento = knowledge engineer.
    * institucion del conocimiento = institution of learning.
    * intercambio de conocimientos = learning exchange, cross-fertilisation [cross-fertilization, -USA], cross-fertilisation of knowledge.
    * jefe de los servicios de gestión del conocimiento = chief knowledge officer (CKO).
    * metaconocimiento = meta-knowledge.
    * navegación por el conocimiento = knowledge navigation.
    * navegador del conocimiento = knowledge navigator.
    * obtener conocimiento = gain + an understanding.
    * ofrecer conocimiento = package + knowledge.
    * perder el conocimiento = lose + Posesivo + senses, pass out, lose + Posesivo + consciousness.
    * pérdida del conocimiento = unconsciousness, fainting, fainting fit, loss of consciousness.
    * personas sin conocimientos técnicos, las = non-technical, the.
    * presentar conocimiento = package + knowledge.
    * producto del conocimiento = knowledge record.
    * profundizar en el conocimiento = deepen + knowledge.
    * propagar el conocimiento = propagate + knowledge.
    * proporcionar conocimientos técnicos = supply + know-how.
    * quedarse sin conocimiento = lose + Posesivo + consciousness, pass out.
    * rama del conocimiento = branch of learning.
    * recobrar el conocimiento = regain + Posesivo + consciousness.
    * recuperar el conocimiento = regain + Posesivo + consciousness.
    * red de conocimiento = knowledge network.
    * servidor del conocimiento = knowledge server.
    * sin conocimiento = unconscious.
    * sin conocimiento de causa = unbeknown to, unbeknownst to.
    * sintetizar el conocimiento = synthesise + knowledge.
    * sistema basado en el conocimiento = knowledge-base system.
    * sistema de gestión del conocimiento = knowledge management system (KMS).
    * sociedad basada en el conocimiento = knowledge based society.
    * sociedad del conocimiento = knowledge society.
    * Sociedad para el Conocimiento Global = Global Knowledge Partnership.
    * suministrar conocimientos técnicos = supply + know-how.
    * tener conocimiento de = be privy to, be aware of.
    * toma de decisiones con conocimiento de causa = informed decision making.
    * tomar decisiones con conocimiento de causa = make + informed decisions.
    * transferencia de conocimiento = transfer of knowledge, knowledge transfer.
    * utilizar los conocimientos de Uno = put + Posesivo + knowledge to work.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( saber) knowledge
    b) conocimientos masculino plural ( nociones) knowledge
    2) (frml) ( información)

    dar conocimiento de algo a alguien — to inform o (frml) apprise somebody of something

    pongo en su conocimiento que... — (Corresp) I am writing to inform you that...

    con conocimiento de causa: obró con conocimiento de causa (frml) he took this step, fully aware of what the consequences would be; hablo con conocimiento de causa — I know what I'm talking about

    3) ( sentido) consciousness

    perder/recobrar el conocimiento — to lose/regain consciousness

    aún es pequeño, no tiene todavía conocimiento — he's not old enough to understand

    * * *
    = cognition, competency, enlightenment, expertise, familiarisation [familiarization, -USA], familiarity, insight, knowledge, learning, acquaintance, understanding, cognisance [cognizance, -USA], connoisseurship, consciousness.

    Ex: The information-processing model of cognition, and developments in artificial intelligence encourage such comparisons = El modelo de la cognición sobre el procesamiento de la información de y los avances de la inteligencia artificial fomentan este tipo de comparaciones.

    Ex: SLIS programmes intended to 'produce' librarians with competency in the use of IT have to be designed.
    Ex: Considered as necessary work in the interest of humanity and general enlightenment, bibliography gains ground as the years pass.
    Ex: Its primary function is to provide a centre for software and hardware expertise for its members.
    Ex: Step 1 Familiarisation: This first step involves the indexer in becoming conversant with the subject content of the document to be indexed.
    Ex: The most effective searchers are those who have both system experience and some familiarity with the subject area in which they are searching.
    Ex: The human indexer works mechanically and rapidly; he should require no insight into the document content.
    Ex: These factors form the basis of the problems in identifying a satisfactory subject approach, and start to explain the vast array of different tolls used in the subject approach to knowledge.
    Ex: It is the responsibility of educators to stretch their student's intellects, hone their skills of intuitive judgment and synthesis, and build a love of learning that will sustain them beyond the level of formal education.
    Ex: It is only with accumulating experience and many years of close study and acquaintance with bibliographic works that a really substantial body of knowledge of the potential of bibliographic sources is acquired.
    Ex: We librarians ought to have a clearer understanding of our stock-in-trade (books) and their function of social mechanism.
    Ex: The passive cognisance of growth causes considerable difficulties = El conocimiento pasivo del crecimiento causa dificultades importantes.
    Ex: This book explores the underlying institutional factors that help museum-based connoisseurship and aestheticism and university-based critical theory and revisionist scholarship exist.
    Ex: For example, the latter are unlikely to engage themselves in conservation issues as these now press upon the professional consciousness of librarians.
    * actualizar los conocimientos = upgrade + Posesivo + skills.
    * adquirir conocimiento = gain + knowledge, glean + knowledge, acquire + knowledge, build up + knowledge.
    * ampliar el conocimiento = expand + Posesivo + knowledge, expand + Posesivo + knowledge, widen + knowledge, broaden + knowledge, deepen + understanding.
    * ampliar las fronteras del conocimiento = push back + the frontiers of knowledge.
    * análisis de áreas del conocimiento = domain analysis.
    * análisis de dominios del conocimiento = domain analysis.
    * aprendizaje rico en conocimiento = knowledge-rich learning.
    * área de conocimiento = area of study.
    * área del conocimiento = area of knowledge, discipline, subject field, field of activity, knowledge domain, discipline of knowledge.
    * aumentar el conocimiento = expand + Posesivo + knowledge, deepen + awareness.
    * aumento del conocimiento = knowledge building.
    * bannco de conocimiento = knowledge bank.
    * basado en el conocimiento = knowledge-based.
    * basado en las disciplinas del conocimiento = discipline-based.
    * bibliotecario con conocimientos de medicina = informationist.
    * búsqueda del conocimiento = quest for/of knowledge.
    * campo del conocimiento = field of knowledge.
    * centrado en el conocimiento = knowledge-centric.
    * ciencia del conocimiento = cognitive science.
    * compartir el conocimiento = knowledge sharing, pool + knowledge.
    * con conocimiento = authoritatively.
    * con conocimiento básico en el manejo de la información = information literate [information-literate].
    * con conocimiento básico en el uso de la biblioteca = library literate [library-literate].
    * con conocimiento de = appreciative of, conversant with.
    * con conocimiento de causa = knowingly, knowingly.
    * con conocimiento de informática = computer literate [computer-literate].
    * con conocimiento en el uso de Internet = Internet-savvy.
    * con conocimientos en = versed in.
    * con conocimientos sobre el correo electrónico = e-mail literate.
    * con el conocimiento de que = on the understanding that.
    * conjunto de conocimientos = body of knowledge.
    * conocimiento académico = academic knowledge.
    * conocimiento acumulado sobre un tema = lore.
    * conocimiento básico = working familiarity, working knowledge.
    * conocimiento científico = scientific knowledge.
    * conocimiento compartido = knowledge sharing.
    * conocimiento de base = foundation study.
    * conocimiento de cómo sobrevivir en el bosque = woodcraft.
    * conocimiento de embarque = bill of lading.
    * conocimiento de la existencia = awareness.
    * conocimiento de lengua = language skill.
    * conocimiento del objeto = object knowledge.
    * conocimiento de los diferentes soportes = media competency.
    * conocimiento detallado = intimate knowledge.
    * conocimiento de un área temática = area knowledge.
    * conocimiento documentado = recorded knowledge.
    * conocimiento enciclopédico = factual knowledge.
    * conocimiento en tecnología = technological skill.
    * conocimiento específico = expert knowledge.
    * conocimiento experto = expert knowledge, expertise.
    * conocimiento explícito = explicit knowledge.
    * conocimiento factual = declarative knowledge.
    * conocimiento humano = human consciousness.
    * conocimiento humano, el = human record, the.
    * conocimiento indígena = indigenous knowledge.
    * conocimiento lingüístico = language skill.
    * conocimiento mutuo = mutual knowledge.
    * conocimiento pasivo = nodding acquaintance.
    * conocimiento pleno = awareness.
    * conocimiento práctico = working knowledge, procedural knowledge.
    * conocimiento previo = foreknowledge.
    * conocimientos = knowledge base [knowledge-base].
    * conocimientos básicos = literacy.
    * conocimientos básicos de búsqueda, recuperación y organización de informació = information literacy.
    * conocimientos básicos de documentación = information literacy.
    * conocimientos básicos de informática = computer literacy.
    * conocimientos básicos en tecnología = technical literacy.
    * conocimientos básicos sobre el uso de las bibliotecas = library skills.
    * conocimientos de tecnología = techno-savvy, tech-savvy.
    * conocimientos en el manejo de la información = info-savvy.
    * conocimiento sobre una materia = subject knowledge.
    * conocimientos requeridos = job specs.
    * conocimiento tácito = tacit knowledge, tacit knowledge, tacit knowledge.
    * conocimiento técnico = know-how, technical knowledge.
    * conocimiento teórico = declarative knowledge.
    * con poco conocimiento de las nuevas tecnologías = technologically challenged.
    * corpus de conocimiento = corpus of knowledge.
    * crear un fondo común de conocimientos = pool + knowledge.
    * cúmulo de conocimiento = repository of knowledge, knowledge repository.
    * decisión con conocimiento de causa = informed decision.
    * difundir el conocimiento = spread + knowledge.
    * director ejecutivo de la gestión del conocimiento = knowledge executive.
    * dominio del conocimiento = knowledge domain.
    * economía basada en el conocimiento = knowledge driven economy.
    * economía del conocimiento = knowledge economy.
    * Era del Conocimiento, la = Knowledge Age, the.
    * estructuración del conocimiento = knowledge structuring.
    * examinar los conocimientos = test + knowledge.
    * falta de conocimiento = unfamiliarity.
    * filtro del conocimiento = knowledge filter.
    * fomentar el conocimiento = advance + knowledge.
    * fondo común de conocimientos = pool of knowledge, pool of expertise.
    * frontera del conocimiento = frontier of knowledge.
    * fundamentos del conocimiento, los = foundations of knowledge, the.
    * gestión del conocimiento = knowledge management (KM).
    * gestor del conocimiento = knowledge worker, knowledge manager.
    * hacer avanzar el conocimiento = push back + the frontiers of knowledge.
    * hacer gala del conocimiento que uno tiene = air + knowledge.
    * hacer perder el conocimiento = knock + Nombre + out, knock + Nombre + unconscious.
    * hacer uso de un conocimiento = draw on/upon + knowledge.
    * impartir conocimiento = impart + knowledge.
    * inculcar conocimiento = instil + knowledge.
    * ingeniería del conocimiento = knowledge engineering.
    * ingeniero del conocimiento = knowledge engineer.
    * institucion del conocimiento = institution of learning.
    * intercambio de conocimientos = learning exchange, cross-fertilisation [cross-fertilization, -USA], cross-fertilisation of knowledge.
    * jefe de los servicios de gestión del conocimiento = chief knowledge officer (CKO).
    * metaconocimiento = meta-knowledge.
    * navegación por el conocimiento = knowledge navigation.
    * navegador del conocimiento = knowledge navigator.
    * obtener conocimiento = gain + an understanding.
    * ofrecer conocimiento = package + knowledge.
    * perder el conocimiento = lose + Posesivo + senses, pass out, lose + Posesivo + consciousness.
    * pérdida del conocimiento = unconsciousness, fainting, fainting fit, loss of consciousness.
    * personas sin conocimientos técnicos, las = non-technical, the.
    * presentar conocimiento = package + knowledge.
    * producto del conocimiento = knowledge record.
    * profundizar en el conocimiento = deepen + knowledge.
    * propagar el conocimiento = propagate + knowledge.
    * proporcionar conocimientos técnicos = supply + know-how.
    * quedarse sin conocimiento = lose + Posesivo + consciousness, pass out.
    * rama del conocimiento = branch of learning.
    * recobrar el conocimiento = regain + Posesivo + consciousness.
    * recuperar el conocimiento = regain + Posesivo + consciousness.
    * red de conocimiento = knowledge network.
    * servidor del conocimiento = knowledge server.
    * sin conocimiento = unconscious.
    * sin conocimiento de causa = unbeknown to, unbeknownst to.
    * sintetizar el conocimiento = synthesise + knowledge.
    * sistema basado en el conocimiento = knowledge-base system.
    * sistema de gestión del conocimiento = knowledge management system (KMS).
    * sociedad basada en el conocimiento = knowledge based society.
    * sociedad del conocimiento = knowledge society.
    * Sociedad para el Conocimiento Global = Global Knowledge Partnership.
    * suministrar conocimientos técnicos = supply + know-how.
    * tener conocimiento de = be privy to, be aware of.
    * toma de decisiones con conocimiento de causa = informed decision making.
    * tomar decisiones con conocimiento de causa = make + informed decisions.
    * transferencia de conocimiento = transfer of knowledge, knowledge transfer.
    * utilizar los conocimientos de Uno = put + Posesivo + knowledge to work.

    * * *
    A
    1 (saber) knowledge
    tiene algunos conocimientos de inglés he has some knowledge of English, he knows some English
    B ( frml)
    (información): dio conocimiento del suceso a las autoridades he informed o ( frml) apprised the authorities of the incident
    puso el hecho en conocimiento de la policía she informed the police of the incident, she reported the incident to the police
    pongo en su conocimiento que … ( Corresp) I am writing to inform you that …
    al tener conocimiento del suceso upon learning of the incident ( frml)
    a esas horas no se tenía todavía conocimiento de la noticia at that time we/they still had not heard the news
    ciertas personas tienen conocimiento de sus actividades certain people are aware of her activities
    llegar a conocimiento de algn to come to sb's attention o notice ( frml)
    con conocimiento de causa: obró con conocimiento de causa ( frml); he took this step, fully aware of what the consequences would be
    te lo digo con conocimiento de causa I know what I'm talking about
    Compuesto:
    bill of lading, waybill
    C (sentido) consciousness
    perder el conocimiento to lose consciousness
    cuando recobró el conocimiento when he regained consciousness, when he came to o round
    estar sin conocimiento to be unconscious
    D
    (entendimiento): aún es pequeño, no tiene todavía conocimiento he's not old enough to understand
    * * *

     

    conocimiento sustantivo masculino


    poner algo en conocimiento de algn to inform sb of sth;
    tener conocimiento de algo to be aware of sth

    ◊ perder/recobrar el conocimiento to lose/regain consciousness;

    estar sin conocimiento to be unconscious
    conocimiento sustantivo masculino
    1 knowledge
    2 (conciencia) consciousness
    3 conocimientos, knowledge
    ♦ Locuciones: perder/recobrar el conocimiento, to lose/regain consciousness
    con conocimiento de causa, with full knowledge of the facts
    ' conocimiento' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    braga
    - ciencia
    - conciencia
    - desfallecer
    - desvanecerse
    - dominio
    - error
    - orientación
    - parcela
    - revelar
    - sentida
    - sentido
    - experiencia
    - perder
    - pérdida
    - reanimar
    - recobrar
    - saber
    English:
    acquaintance
    - air
    - black out
    - blackout
    - cognizance
    - come to
    - comprehensive
    - consciousness
    - familiarity
    - grounding
    - improve
    - knock out
    - knowledge
    - notice
    - privy
    - recover
    - self-awareness
    - sketchy
    - superficial
    - thorough
    - unconsciousness
    - black
    - knock
    - know
    - pass
    * * *
    1. [saber] knowledge;
    hablar/actuar con conocimiento de causa to know what one is talking about/doing;
    puso el robo en conocimiento de la policía she informed the police of the burglary;
    ponemos en su conocimiento que se ha detectado un error en el programa this is to inform you that an error has been detected in the program;
    no teníamos conocimiento de su dimisión we were not aware that he had resigned;
    al tener conocimiento del accidente, acudió inmediatamente al hospital when she found out about the accident she immediately went to the hospital;
    ha llegado a mi conocimiento que estás insatisfecho it has come to my attention that you are not happy
    2.
    conocimientos [nociones] knowledge;
    tengo algunos conocimientos de informática I have some knowledge of computers, I know a bit about computers;
    nuestros conocimientos acerca de la enfermedad son muy limitados our knowledge of the disease is very limited, we know very little about the disease
    3. [sentido, conciencia] consciousness;
    perder el conocimiento to lose consciousness;
    recobrar el conocimiento to regain consciousness;
    estaba tumbado en el suelo, sin conocimiento he was lying unconscious on the floor
    4. [juicio] (common) sense;
    5. Com conocimiento de embarque bill of lading
    * * *
    m
    1 knowledge;
    con conocimiento de causa hacer algo fully aware of the consequences;
    para su conocimiento for your information;
    conocimientos pl ( nociones) knowledge sg
    2 MED consciousness;
    perder el conocimiento lose consciousness;
    sin conocimiento unconscious;
    recobrar el conocimiento regain consciousness
    * * *
    1) : knowledge
    2) sentido: consciousness
    * * *
    1. (en general) knowledge
    2. (sentido) consciousness

    Spanish-English dictionary > conocimiento

  • 10 reunir

    v.
    1 to bring together.
    Ellos reunieron a muchos amigos They brought together many friends.
    2 to collect, to bring together.
    reunió una gran fortuna he amassed a large fortune
    3 to meet, to fulfill (requisitos, condiciones).
    el plan reúne todas las condiciones para ser aceptado the plan meets o fulfills all the criteria for acceptance
    no reúne los requisitos necesarios para el puesto he doesn't meet the requirements for the post
    4 to put back together.
    5 to gather, to scrape together, to collect, to muster.
    Ellos reunieron dinero They gathered money.
    6 to assemble.
    Ellos reunieron a los miembros They assembled the members.
    7 to merge, to incorporate.
    Ellos reunieron a las empresas They merged the companies.
    8 to have, to muster, to meet.
    Ella reunía buenas cualidades She mustered good qualities.
    * * *
    (stressed ú in certain persons of certain tenses)
    Present Indicative
    reúno, reúnes, reúne, reunimos, reunís, reúnen.
    Present Subjunctive
    reúna, reúnas, reúna, reunamos, reunáis, reúnan.
    Imperative
    reúne (tú), reúna (él/Vd.), reunamos (nos.), reunid (vos.), reúnan (ellos/Vds.).
    * * *
    verb
    1) to gather, collect
    3) join
    5) have
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=juntar) to join, join together
    2) (=recolectar) [+ cosas dispersas] to gather, gather together, get together; [+ datos] to collect, gather; [+ recursos] to pool; [+ colección] to assemble, make; [+ dinero] to collect; [+ fondos] to raise

    la producción de los demás países reunidos no alcanzará al nuestro — the production of the other countries put together will not come up to ours

    3) [+ personas] to bring together, get together
    4) [+ cualidades] to combine; [+ condiciones] to have, possess
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <cualidades/características> to have; < requisitos> to satisfy, meet
    2) < datos> to gather; <dinero/fondos> to raise; < información> to gather together, collect

    reunir pruebas — to gather o assemble evidence

    3) < personas>
    2.
    reunirse v pron consejo/junta to meet; amigos/parientes to get together
    * * *
    = assemble, bring together, compile, gather, pull together, put together, round up, unite, encapsulate, muster, bundle, gather together, pool, reunite [re-unite], band, draw together.
    Ex. In this case all the works of a given author will be assembled on the shelf under his/her name as well, so it is not really in conflict and I think there is a misinterpretation.
    Ex. For example, Recreation, previously dispersed over several main classes, is now brought together as a new main class, and Space Science has been added between Astronomy and the Earth Sciences.
    Ex. This system could be used by the booktrade for compiling second-hand book lists.
    Ex. A bibliography is a list of materials or items which is restricted in its coverage by some feature other than the materials being gathered in one library collection.
    Ex. This library decided to launch an attack on illiteracy by pulling together a variety of approaches to learning to read.
    Ex. The way in which this scheme is put together in book form often causes some confusion at first.
    Ex. That is, you can round up terminals if you have to very rapidly.
    Ex. It has become increasingly difficult to unite both categories in one union and demands for a trade union of library employees have been raised.
    Ex. The fundamental OOP technique is to encapsulate data with the operations/code that operate on that data into a single entity which is called an object.
    Ex. Obviously, the task will strain all the resources of mind and character that the nation can muster.
    Ex. CD-ROM products that combine, or bundle, related information services will be at the forefront because of their usefulness to end-users.
    Ex. If we wanted to gather everything on particular plants together under the general heading 'Horticulture,' we might change the above example to 635.9(582.675)65 to make the main facet the individual plant (in this case anemones), with environment (indoor...) a secondary feature.
    Ex. The results of two studies of the way reference librarians work were pooled to provide an understanding of the important features necessary in software for computerized reference work.
    Ex. Divided collections are being reunited and bodies of material considered lost after World War 2 are resurfacing in Eastern Europe as well as in Germany.
    Ex. The author advises banding retention policies to focus on a few clear options.
    Ex. The application of the classification schemes, once constructed, involves synthesis, or the drawing together of the single concepts which are listed in the scheme from their different facets, in order to specify compound subjects.
    ----
    * que reúne las condiciones = qualified.
    * reunir dinero = raise + money.
    * reunir el dinero = muster (up) + the cash, come up with + the money.
    * reunir el efectivo = muster (up) + the cash.
    * reunir información = pool + information.
    * reunir las condiciones = fit + the bill.
    * reunir las condiciones para = qualify for.
    * reunir material = gather + material.
    * reunirse = get together, meet, convene, meet up, caucus.
    * reunirse de nuevo = reconvene.
    * reunir una serie de condiciones = meet + set of conditions.
    * volver a reunir = reassemble [re-assemble].
    * volverse a reunir = reconvene.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <cualidades/características> to have; < requisitos> to satisfy, meet
    2) < datos> to gather; <dinero/fondos> to raise; < información> to gather together, collect

    reunir pruebas — to gather o assemble evidence

    3) < personas>
    2.
    reunirse v pron consejo/junta to meet; amigos/parientes to get together
    * * *
    = assemble, bring together, compile, gather, pull together, put together, round up, unite, encapsulate, muster, bundle, gather together, pool, reunite [re-unite], band, draw together.

    Ex: In this case all the works of a given author will be assembled on the shelf under his/her name as well, so it is not really in conflict and I think there is a misinterpretation.

    Ex: For example, Recreation, previously dispersed over several main classes, is now brought together as a new main class, and Space Science has been added between Astronomy and the Earth Sciences.
    Ex: This system could be used by the booktrade for compiling second-hand book lists.
    Ex: A bibliography is a list of materials or items which is restricted in its coverage by some feature other than the materials being gathered in one library collection.
    Ex: This library decided to launch an attack on illiteracy by pulling together a variety of approaches to learning to read.
    Ex: The way in which this scheme is put together in book form often causes some confusion at first.
    Ex: That is, you can round up terminals if you have to very rapidly.
    Ex: It has become increasingly difficult to unite both categories in one union and demands for a trade union of library employees have been raised.
    Ex: The fundamental OOP technique is to encapsulate data with the operations/code that operate on that data into a single entity which is called an object.
    Ex: Obviously, the task will strain all the resources of mind and character that the nation can muster.
    Ex: CD-ROM products that combine, or bundle, related information services will be at the forefront because of their usefulness to end-users.
    Ex: If we wanted to gather everything on particular plants together under the general heading 'Horticulture,' we might change the above example to 635.9(582.675)65 to make the main facet the individual plant (in this case anemones), with environment (indoor...) a secondary feature.
    Ex: The results of two studies of the way reference librarians work were pooled to provide an understanding of the important features necessary in software for computerized reference work.
    Ex: Divided collections are being reunited and bodies of material considered lost after World War 2 are resurfacing in Eastern Europe as well as in Germany.
    Ex: The author advises banding retention policies to focus on a few clear options.
    Ex: The application of the classification schemes, once constructed, involves synthesis, or the drawing together of the single concepts which are listed in the scheme from their different facets, in order to specify compound subjects.
    * que reúne las condiciones = qualified.
    * reunir dinero = raise + money.
    * reunir el dinero = muster (up) + the cash, come up with + the money.
    * reunir el efectivo = muster (up) + the cash.
    * reunir información = pool + information.
    * reunir las condiciones = fit + the bill.
    * reunir las condiciones para = qualify for.
    * reunir material = gather + material.
    * reunirse = get together, meet, convene, meet up, caucus.
    * reunirse de nuevo = reconvene.
    * reunir una serie de condiciones = meet + set of conditions.
    * volver a reunir = reassemble [re-assemble].
    * volverse a reunir = reconvene.

    * * *
    reunir [ I23 ]
    vt
    A (tener) ‹cualidades/características› to have
    los aspirantes deberán reunir los siguientes requisitos … candidates must satisfy o meet the following requirements …
    reúne todas las condiciones necesarias para el cargo he fulfills all the requirements for the position
    B (recoger, recolectar) ‹datos› to gather; ‹dinero/fondos› to raise
    ha logrado reunir una colección excepcional de sellos she has managed to build up an impressive stamp collection
    el volumen reúne varios artículos publicados recientemente por el autor the volume brings together o is a collection of several recently published articles by the author
    primero hay que reunir la información necesaria the first step is to gather together o collect o assemble all the necessary information
    reunir pruebas contra algn to gather o assemble evidence against sb
    C ‹personas›
    reunió a toda la familia en su casa she got all the family together at her house
    reunió a los jefes de sección he called a meeting of the heads of department, he called the heads of department together
    los reunió y les leyó el telegrama he called them together and read them the telegram
    «consejo/junta» to meet; «amigos/parientes» to get together
    hace años que no se reúne toda la familia it's years since the whole family got together
    se reunieron tras 20 años sin verse they met up again o got together again after 20 years
    reunirse CON algn:
    me reuní con él en Chicago I met up with him in Chicago
    se va a reunir con los representantes de la compañía en Alemania she's going to meet o have a meeting with o ( esp AmE) meet with the company's representatives in Germany
    * * *

     

    reunir ( conjugate reunir) verbo transitivo
    1 ‹cualidades/características› to have;
    ‹ requisitos› to satisfy, meet;
    ‹ condiciones› to fulfill, satisfy
    2 ‹ datos› to gather;
    ‹dinero/fondos› to raise;
    ‹ información› to gather together, collect
    3 ‹amigos/familia› to get … together;

    reunirse verbo pronominal [consejo/junta] to meet;
    [amigos/parientes] to get together;
    reunirse con algn ( encontrarse) to meet up with sb;
    ( tener una reunión) to have a meeting with sb, meet with sb (AmE)
    reunir verbo transitivo
    1 (juntar) to collect: si reúnes tres vales, te dan uno de regalo, if you collect three vouchers, they'll give you another one free
    (dinero) to raise
    (información) to gather
    (valor, fuerza) to muster (up)
    2 (congregar) to gather together: nos reunieron en una pequeña sala, they brought us together in a small room
    3 (cualidades, características) to have, possess
    (requisitos) to fulfil
    ' reunir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aunar
    - juntar
    - satisfacer
    - agrupar
    - requisito
    - reunido
    English:
    assemble
    - bill
    - gather
    - gather together
    - get together
    - muster
    - pool
    - put together
    - raise
    - rake together
    - rally
    - reassemble
    - reunite
    - round up
    - scrape together
    - scrape up
    - summon up
    - accumulate
    - collect
    - compile
    - get
    - marshal
    - meet
    - put
    - qualified
    - summon
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [juntar] [personas] to bring together;
    la fiesta de homenaje reunió a todos los amigos del artista the party in his honour brought all the artist's friends together
    2. [objetos, información] to collect, to bring together;
    [fondos] to raise;
    reunió una gran fortuna he amassed a large fortune
    3. [tener] [requisitos, condiciones] to meet, to fulfil;
    [cualidades] to possess, to combine;
    el plan reúne todas las condiciones para ser aceptado the plan meets o fulfils all the criteria for acceptance;
    no reúne los requisitos necesarios para el puesto she doesn't meet the requirements for the post
    4. [volver a unir] to put back together
    * * *
    v/t
    1 personas bring together;
    estar reunido be in a meeting
    2 requisitos meet, fulfill, Br
    fulfil
    3 datos gather (together)
    * * *
    reunir {68} vt
    1) : to unite, to join, to bring together
    2) : to have, to possess
    reunieron los requisitos necesarios: they fulfilled the necessary requirements
    3) : to gather, to collect, to raise (funds)
    * * *
    reunir vb
    1. (juntar personas) to get together / to call together
    2. (juntar cosas) to bring together [pt. & pp. brought]
    3. (dinero) to raise
    ¿cuánto dinero hemos reunido? how much money have we raised?
    4. (requisitos) to meet [pt. & pp. met] / to fulfil [pt. & pp. fulfilled]

    Spanish-English dictionary > reunir

  • 11 Bosch, Carl

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 27 August 1874 Cologne, Germany
    d. 26 April 1940 Heidelberg, Germany
    [br]
    German industrial chemist who developed the industrial synthesis of ammonia.
    [br]
    Bosch spent a year as a metalworker before studying chemistry at Leipzig University, obtaining his doctorate in 1898. The following year, he entered Badische Soda-, Anilin Fabrik (BASF), the leading German manufacturer of dyestuflfs. Between 1902 and 1907 he spent much time investigating processes for nitrogen fixation. In 1908 Fritz Haber told BASF of his laboratory-scale synthesis of ammonia from its constituent elements, and in the following year Bosch was assigned to developing it to the industrial scale. Leading a large team of chemists and engineers, Bosch designed the massive pressure converter and other features of the process and was the first to use the water gas shift reaction to produce the large quantities of hydrogen that were required. By 1913 Bosch had completed the largest chemical engineering plant at BASF's works at Oppau, and soon it was producing 36,000 tons of ammonium sulphate a year. Bosch enlarged the Oppau plant and went on to construct a larger plant at Leuna.
    In 1914 Bosch was appointed a Director of BASF. At the end of the First World War he became Technical Adviser to the German delegation at the peace conference. During the 1920s BASF returned to its position of pre-eminence in high-pressure technology, thanks largely to Bosch's leadership. Although increasingly absorbed in administrative matters, Bosch was able to support the synthesis of methane and the hydrogenation of coal tar and lignite to make petrol. In 1925 BASF merged with other companies to form the giant IG Farbenindustrie AG, of which Bosch became Chairman of the Managing Board. His achievements received international recognition in 1931 when he was awarded, with F. Bergius, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for high-pressure synthesis.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1932, Über die Entwicklung der chemischen Hochdruckindustrie bei der Aufbau der neuen Ammoniakindustrie.
    Further Reading
    K.Holdermann, 1953, Carl Bosch, Leben und Werk.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Bosch, Carl

  • 12 synthetisch herstellen

    1) (to make (eg a drug) by synthesis: Some hormones can be synthesized.) synthesize
    2) (to make (eg a drug) by synthesis: Some hormones can be synthesized.) synthesise

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > synthetisch herstellen

  • 13 componerse de

    v.
    1 to consist of, to be made out of, to break down into.
    2 to consist of.
    * * *
    * * *
    (v.) = be composed of, comprise (of), consist of, make out of
    Ex. Records are composed of a number of fields.
    Ex. The first edition comprised basic classes analysed into facets, using the colon as the notational device for synthesis.
    Ex. The scheme consists of twenty-one classes published in thirty-one separately published schedules.
    Ex. This brings us back to the fact that books are made out of other books; that there is a family tree to which each book belongs.
    * * *
    (v.) = be composed of, comprise (of), consist of, make out of

    Ex: Records are composed of a number of fields.

    Ex: The first edition comprised basic classes analysed into facets, using the colon as the notational device for synthesis.
    Ex: The scheme consists of twenty-one classes published in thirty-one separately published schedules.
    Ex: This brings us back to the fact that books are made out of other books; that there is a family tree to which each book belongs.

    Spanish-English dictionary > componerse de

  • 14 con relación a

    = as regards, re, in relation to, in connection with, regarding, concerning
    Ex. Practice as regards integration varies considerably.
    Ex. This reawakening brought a determination to help make atomic energy a positive factor for humanity but things have gone from bad to worse re genuine disarmament.
    Ex. It is easiest to discuss the criteria for effective schedules in relation to the treatment of specific subjects.
    Ex. There is an index to the schedules, but this has been criticised in connection with the size of the entry vocabulary.
    Ex. In major enumerative schemes synthesis is often controlled by careful instructions regarding citation order.
    Ex. Having been alerted to the existence of a document, the user needs information concerning the actual location of the document, in order that the document may be read.
    * * *
    = as regards, re, in relation to, in connection with, regarding, concerning

    Ex: Practice as regards integration varies considerably.

    Ex: This reawakening brought a determination to help make atomic energy a positive factor for humanity but things have gone from bad to worse re genuine disarmament.
    Ex: It is easiest to discuss the criteria for effective schedules in relation to the treatment of specific subjects.
    Ex: There is an index to the schedules, but this has been criticised in connection with the size of the entry vocabulary.
    Ex: In major enumerative schemes synthesis is often controlled by careful instructions regarding citation order.
    Ex: Having been alerted to the existence of a document, the user needs information concerning the actual location of the document, in order that the document may be read.

    Spanish-English dictionary > con relación a

  • 15 en gran medida

    = broadly, by and large, extensively, greatly, heavily, largely, to a considerable extent, to a high degree, to a large extent, tremendously, vastly, very much, keenly, in no small way, to any great degree, in many ways, in large part, in large measure, in no small measure, to a great extent, to a large degree, to a great degree
    Ex. These can be broadly categorised into the following two groups.
    Ex. This has been the case with newspapers which by and large have changed very little over the past century.
    Ex. Fiction classifications are used extensively in public libraries.
    Ex. The computer can greatly assist in thesaurus compilation and updating.
    Ex. Regular overhaul of guiding is important, especially for the new user who may rely heavily upon it.
    Ex. The reason for its popularity was largely that it was based upon a principle of conformity in essentials, and freedom in details.
    Ex. If the report is to a considerable extent in the words of the reporter then entry will be made under the heading for the reporter.
    Ex. UDC recognizes, to a high degree, the value of synthesis in classification.
    Ex. Variations in the extent of the description between a set of entries account to a large extent for the distinction between main, added and unit entries.
    Ex. The importance of the practicum in the curriculum has ebbed and flowed tremendously throughout the history of library education.
    Ex. And with the advent of computers, we have vastly accelerated the pace at which we are proceeding.
    Ex. She is still very much a children's book borrower with a smattering of titles taken from the applied sciences, which in Susan's case meant books on cookery and needlework.
    Ex. Those of us who deal with cooperatively produced catalogs and buy MARC tapes from a vendor will certainly feel the effects of all this keenly.
    Ex. His excellent rapport with Congress was in no small way responsible for the progress made by LC during his administration.
    Ex. Consumer advice centres were not used to any great degree by the working classes or those groups most at risk as consumers -- the elderly, divorced, widowed and separated.
    Ex. In many ways, the order in DC is poor, separating language (400) from literature (800), and history (900) from the other social sciences (300) = En muchos sentidos, el orden de la CD es pobre al separar la lengua (400) de la literatura (800) y la historia (900) de las otras ciencias sociales (300).
    Ex. Only journals published in the USA and devoted exclusively or in large part to the literature of social gerontology are described here.
    Ex. Despite their weight of numbers, nurses have not been accorded a pre-eminent place in hospitals, and in large measure they continue to rely on medical libraries for their information needs.
    Ex. Although it may have taken a little while to find its feet, this collection is now a most significant resource in its own right, due in no small measure by the stimulation provided by Victorian historians.
    Ex. To a great extent, these are self-explanatory reasons.
    Ex. To a large degree, the image an institution creates is determined by the leader who is the directing force of that institution.
    Ex. To a great degree, it is the faculty that make the Stanford psychology program so reputable.
    * * *
    = broadly, by and large, extensively, greatly, heavily, largely, to a considerable extent, to a high degree, to a large extent, tremendously, vastly, very much, keenly, in no small way, to any great degree, in many ways, in large part, in large measure, in no small measure, to a great extent, to a large degree, to a great degree

    Ex: These can be broadly categorised into the following two groups.

    Ex: This has been the case with newspapers which by and large have changed very little over the past century.
    Ex: Fiction classifications are used extensively in public libraries.
    Ex: The computer can greatly assist in thesaurus compilation and updating.
    Ex: Regular overhaul of guiding is important, especially for the new user who may rely heavily upon it.
    Ex: The reason for its popularity was largely that it was based upon a principle of conformity in essentials, and freedom in details.
    Ex: If the report is to a considerable extent in the words of the reporter then entry will be made under the heading for the reporter.
    Ex: UDC recognizes, to a high degree, the value of synthesis in classification.
    Ex: Variations in the extent of the description between a set of entries account to a large extent for the distinction between main, added and unit entries.
    Ex: The importance of the practicum in the curriculum has ebbed and flowed tremendously throughout the history of library education.
    Ex: And with the advent of computers, we have vastly accelerated the pace at which we are proceeding.
    Ex: She is still very much a children's book borrower with a smattering of titles taken from the applied sciences, which in Susan's case meant books on cookery and needlework.
    Ex: Those of us who deal with cooperatively produced catalogs and buy MARC tapes from a vendor will certainly feel the effects of all this keenly.
    Ex: His excellent rapport with Congress was in no small way responsible for the progress made by LC during his administration.
    Ex: Consumer advice centres were not used to any great degree by the working classes or those groups most at risk as consumers -- the elderly, divorced, widowed and separated.
    Ex: In many ways, the order in DC is poor, separating language (400) from literature (800), and history (900) from the other social sciences (300) = En muchos sentidos, el orden de la CD es pobre al separar la lengua (400) de la literatura (800) y la historia (900) de las otras ciencias sociales (300).
    Ex: Only journals published in the USA and devoted exclusively or in large part to the literature of social gerontology are described here.
    Ex: Despite their weight of numbers, nurses have not been accorded a pre-eminent place in hospitals, and in large measure they continue to rely on medical libraries for their information needs.
    Ex: Although it may have taken a little while to find its feet, this collection is now a most significant resource in its own right, due in no small measure by the stimulation provided by Victorian historians.
    Ex: To a great extent, these are self-explanatory reasons.
    Ex: To a large degree, the image an institution creates is determined by the leader who is the directing force of that institution.
    Ex: To a great degree, it is the faculty that make the Stanford psychology program so reputable.

    Spanish-English dictionary > en gran medida

  • 16 en relación con

    = in association with, in conjunction with, in connection with, in relation to, in respect of, in terms of, in the way of, relating to, relative to, vis à vis, with reference to, with regard(s) to, apropos of, as it relates to, in the context of, for purposes of, on the matter of, re, regarding, apropos to, in reference to, concerning, in keeping with
    Ex. Notices conveying, for example, the essential elements of the catalogue are likely to be especially important in association with microfilm or card catalogues.
    Ex. Rules for any given class must be used in conjunction with the schedules for that class.
    Ex. There is an index to the schedules, but this has been criticised in connection with the size of the entry vocabulary.
    Ex. It is easiest to discuss the criteria for effective schedules in relation to the treatment of specific subjects.
    Ex. It is perhaps fortunate that the array of terms that are used to describe indexes is a little more restricted than the variety of terms used in respect of catalogues.
    Ex. And we have all of the ingredients for the creation of an atmosphere in which the proponents of expediency could couch their arguments in terms of cost effectiveness.
    Ex. Indeed, the changes are so rapid and so diverse, our plans for the future must also include what is presently possible in the way of information dissemination.
    Ex. Recommendations relating to analytical cataloguing practices concern themselves primarily with the way in which the part of a document or work to be accessed is described.
    Ex. It was apparent that the responders to the investigation were somewhat unsure of their future situation relative to the burgeoning information education market = Era claro que los entrevistados en la investigacion no se sentían muy seguros sobre su situación futura en relación con el incipiente mercado de las enseñanzas de documentación.
    Ex. The information note following the explanatory heading provides guidance to the user of the catalogue vis à vis the conventions used in formulating uniform headings.
    Ex. General points have been illustrated with reference to the cataloguing of books.
    Ex. KWOC or Keyword Out of Context indexes are intended to improve upon KWIC indexes, with regards to layout and presentation.
    Ex. After a few tangential remarks apropos of nothing, Carmichael left, a considerably less anxious person.
    Ex. This article reviews the mission of the ALA's Committee on Accreditation (COA) and examines its role as it relates to the education of librarians qualified to work with children and young people.
    Ex. The exploration aims to view table of contents terminology in the context of functions served by other representations of subject information, including Library of Congress subject headings, work title terminology, and author-contributed front matter.
    Ex. This article discusses the advantages to libraries of computer technology for purposes of bibliographic control and on-line access.
    Ex. Again, on the matter of the sources already consulted by the enquirer, the implication is not that he is unreliable or deceitful, but that in looking up the Encyclopedia Americana he may not be aware of the existence of the index.
    Ex. This reawakening brought a determination to help make atomic energy a positive factor for humanity but things have gone from bad to worse re genuine disarmament.
    Ex. In major enumerative schemes synthesis is often controlled by careful instructions regarding citation order.
    Ex. Thus, self-presentation becomes a dynamic conception of people structuring their relations apropos to their life-space, rather than a theory of how to win friends and influence people.
    Ex. We now know enough in reference to the prevention and cure of communicable diseases so that the average human life might be lengthened by a third.
    Ex. Having been alerted to the existence of a document, the user needs information concerning the actual location of the document, in order that the document may be read.
    Ex. This revised chapter modified the code in keeping with the recently agreed ISBD(M), and proposed a slightly different description for monographs.
    * * *
    = in association with, in conjunction with, in connection with, in relation to, in respect of, in terms of, in the way of, relating to, relative to, vis à vis, with reference to, with regard(s) to, apropos of, as it relates to, in the context of, for purposes of, on the matter of, re, regarding, apropos to, in reference to, concerning, in keeping with

    Ex: Notices conveying, for example, the essential elements of the catalogue are likely to be especially important in association with microfilm or card catalogues.

    Ex: Rules for any given class must be used in conjunction with the schedules for that class.
    Ex: There is an index to the schedules, but this has been criticised in connection with the size of the entry vocabulary.
    Ex: It is easiest to discuss the criteria for effective schedules in relation to the treatment of specific subjects.
    Ex: It is perhaps fortunate that the array of terms that are used to describe indexes is a little more restricted than the variety of terms used in respect of catalogues.
    Ex: And we have all of the ingredients for the creation of an atmosphere in which the proponents of expediency could couch their arguments in terms of cost effectiveness.
    Ex: Indeed, the changes are so rapid and so diverse, our plans for the future must also include what is presently possible in the way of information dissemination.
    Ex: Recommendations relating to analytical cataloguing practices concern themselves primarily with the way in which the part of a document or work to be accessed is described.
    Ex: It was apparent that the responders to the investigation were somewhat unsure of their future situation relative to the burgeoning information education market = Era claro que los entrevistados en la investigacion no se sentían muy seguros sobre su situación futura en relación con el incipiente mercado de las enseñanzas de documentación.
    Ex: The information note following the explanatory heading provides guidance to the user of the catalogue vis à vis the conventions used in formulating uniform headings.
    Ex: General points have been illustrated with reference to the cataloguing of books.
    Ex: KWOC or Keyword Out of Context indexes are intended to improve upon KWIC indexes, with regards to layout and presentation.
    Ex: After a few tangential remarks apropos of nothing, Carmichael left, a considerably less anxious person.
    Ex: This article reviews the mission of the ALA's Committee on Accreditation (COA) and examines its role as it relates to the education of librarians qualified to work with children and young people.
    Ex: The exploration aims to view table of contents terminology in the context of functions served by other representations of subject information, including Library of Congress subject headings, work title terminology, and author-contributed front matter.
    Ex: This article discusses the advantages to libraries of computer technology for purposes of bibliographic control and on-line access.
    Ex: Again, on the matter of the sources already consulted by the enquirer, the implication is not that he is unreliable or deceitful, but that in looking up the Encyclopedia Americana he may not be aware of the existence of the index.
    Ex: This reawakening brought a determination to help make atomic energy a positive factor for humanity but things have gone from bad to worse re genuine disarmament.
    Ex: In major enumerative schemes synthesis is often controlled by careful instructions regarding citation order.
    Ex: Thus, self-presentation becomes a dynamic conception of people structuring their relations apropos to their life-space, rather than a theory of how to win friends and influence people.
    Ex: We now know enough in reference to the prevention and cure of communicable diseases so that the average human life might be lengthened by a third.
    Ex: Having been alerted to the existence of a document, the user needs information concerning the actual location of the document, in order that the document may be read.
    Ex: This revised chapter modified the code in keeping with the recently agreed ISBD(M), and proposed a slightly different description for monographs.

    Spanish-English dictionary > en relación con

  • 17 indicar

    v.
    1 to indicate.
    todo parece indicar que ganará el equipo visitante everything seems to indicate that the visiting team will win
    me indicó con un gesto que me sentara she motioned to me to sit down
    esa flecha indica a la derecha that arrow points to the right
    esa luz indica que le falta agua al motor that light shows that the engine is low on water
    El rótulo indica la dirección The sign indicated the way.
    2 to tell, to explain to.
    nos indicó el camino del aeropuerto she told us the way to the airport
    3 to prescribe.
    4 to suggest.
    Los síntomas indican una infección the symptoms suggest an infection.
    5 to indicate to, to suggest to.
    El jefe indicó ir de nuevo The boss indicated to go again.
    6 to hint, to denote, to cue.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ SACAR], like link=sacar sacar
    1 to indicate, point out
    ■ ¿cuánto indica la aguja? what does the gauge read?
    2 (aconsejar) to advise
    \
    indicarle el camino a alguien to show somebody the way
    * * *
    verb
    3) show
    * * *
    VT
    1) (=señalar) to show

    ¿me puede usted indicar dónde está el museo? — can you tell me o show me where the museum is?

    me indicó un punto en el mapa — he showed me o pointed out a point on the map

    2) (=decir) [señal, policía] to indicate; [portavoz, fuentes] to state, point out, indicate
    3) (=mostrar) [+ cantidad, temperatura] to show; [+ subida, victoria] to point to

    no hay nada que indique lo contrario — there's nothing to suggest otherwise, there is no indication to the contrary

    todo parece indicar que van a ganar las elecciones — there is every indication o sign that they will win the election, everything points to them winning the election

    como su (propio) nombre indica: la otitis, como su propio nombre indica, es una inflamación del oído — otitis, as its name suggests, is an inflammation of the ear

    4) frm (=recomendar) [abogado, médico] to tell, say

    haz lo que te indique el médico — do as the doctor tells you, do as the doctor says

    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( señalar) to indicate

    ¿me podría indicar cómo llegar allí? — could you tell me how to get there?

    me indicó el lugar en el mapa — he showed me o pointed out the place on the map

    todo parece indicar que... — there is every indication that...

    3) (mostrar, denotar) to indicate, show

    el asterisco indica que... — the asterisk indicates o shows that...

    como su nombre indica, es una flor azul — as its name suggests, it's a blue flower

    * * *
    = bespeak, bring to + Posesivo + attention, demarcate, denote, flag, indicate, mark, note, point, point out, point to, signal, signify, prompt, mark out, suggest, betoken, illustrate, bring to + Posesivo + notice, hold + clue, mark + Nombre + down as.
    Ex. I think this attitude somewhat bespeaks a professional abdication by a lot of us.
    Ex. Errors in colleagues' work should be brought to their attention tactfully and not in the presence of others = A los compañeros se les debería hacer ver sus errores discretamente y no en presencia de otros.
    Ex. The framework was designed to demarcate certain of those elements by means of prescribed punctuation.
    Ex. The notation is primarily letters, but also uses numbers to denote concepts in the auxiliary schedules.
    Ex. Since the fields are of different lengths in different records it is necessary that the beginning and end of fields be flagged in some way.
    Ex. The general index of CC lists isolates and indicates where they may be found as in a relative index.
    Ex. In addition, synthesis often requires the use of a facet indicator, which marks the beginning of a new facet for example.
    Ex. In the future, a number of further developments can be fairly confidently predicted in addition to the expansion of those noted above.
    Ex. An arrow pointing upwards indicates when the terminal is in insert mode.
    Ex. By means of the arrangement of document substitutes in library catalogues, and also by the arrangement of documents themselves, it is possible to point out, or indicate, classes of documents.
    Ex. This article points to economically feasible and communication-based indexing methods which fit the potentials of current information technology.
    Ex. Main classes are denoted by a capital letter, and in most classes a second capital letter is used to signal major sections or subclasses.
    Ex. Within one main class the same piece of notation may be used to signify different concepts.
    Ex. You will be prompted to choose a file; your last search will then be executed automatically in the file that you choose.
    Ex. To infuse into that basic form an element of linguistic liveliness and wit, which marks out the best adult reviewers, is to ask far more than most children can hope to achieve.
    Ex. In effect, we'd be suggesting to them we don't have the book.
    Ex. The faintly irritating moralising tone of this book betokens a real human interest, which must be recovered if there is to be a dialogue of real content.
    Ex. The presence of eggshells, faecal pellets, and silk threads in association with a mite-like animal illustrates a complex ecosystem.
    Ex. One moonlight night Sweeny was brought to our notice by his ejaculations of impatience at being obliged to come to a dead halt.
    Ex. To reconstruct palaeoclimates, palaeoclimatologists analyse tree rings, ice cores, sea sediments and even rock strata which may hold clues to the state of the climate millions of years ago.
    Ex. One look convinced the employer that she was unsuited for the work, and he marked her down as unsuitable.
    ----
    * como se indicó en = as was pointed out in.
    * entenderse que indica = take to + indicate.
    * evidencia + indicar = evidence + suggest, evidence + indicate.
    * hacer una marca para indicar el lugar donde uno se ha quedado leyendo = mark + Posesivo + place.
    * indicar a = point + the way to.
    * indicar claramente = make + it + clear.
    * indicar diferencias = point out + differences, note + difference, point to + differences.
    * indicar el camino a seguir = point + the way forward.
    * indicar el camino a seguir para = point + the way to.
    * indicar el camino correcto = point + Nombre + in the right direction.
    * indicar las dificultades = note + difficulties.
    * indicar las formas (de/en que) = point to + ways (of/in which).
    * indicar similitudes = point out + similarities.
    * resultados + indicar = results + indicate.
    * según quedó indicado en = as was pointed out in.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( señalar) to indicate

    ¿me podría indicar cómo llegar allí? — could you tell me how to get there?

    me indicó el lugar en el mapa — he showed me o pointed out the place on the map

    todo parece indicar que... — there is every indication that...

    3) (mostrar, denotar) to indicate, show

    el asterisco indica que... — the asterisk indicates o shows that...

    como su nombre indica, es una flor azul — as its name suggests, it's a blue flower

    * * *
    = bespeak, bring to + Posesivo + attention, demarcate, denote, flag, indicate, mark, note, point, point out, point to, signal, signify, prompt, mark out, suggest, betoken, illustrate, bring to + Posesivo + notice, hold + clue, mark + Nombre + down as.

    Ex: I think this attitude somewhat bespeaks a professional abdication by a lot of us.

    Ex: Errors in colleagues' work should be brought to their attention tactfully and not in the presence of others = A los compañeros se les debería hacer ver sus errores discretamente y no en presencia de otros.
    Ex: The framework was designed to demarcate certain of those elements by means of prescribed punctuation.
    Ex: The notation is primarily letters, but also uses numbers to denote concepts in the auxiliary schedules.
    Ex: Since the fields are of different lengths in different records it is necessary that the beginning and end of fields be flagged in some way.
    Ex: The general index of CC lists isolates and indicates where they may be found as in a relative index.
    Ex: In addition, synthesis often requires the use of a facet indicator, which marks the beginning of a new facet for example.
    Ex: In the future, a number of further developments can be fairly confidently predicted in addition to the expansion of those noted above.
    Ex: An arrow pointing upwards indicates when the terminal is in insert mode.
    Ex: By means of the arrangement of document substitutes in library catalogues, and also by the arrangement of documents themselves, it is possible to point out, or indicate, classes of documents.
    Ex: This article points to economically feasible and communication-based indexing methods which fit the potentials of current information technology.
    Ex: Main classes are denoted by a capital letter, and in most classes a second capital letter is used to signal major sections or subclasses.
    Ex: Within one main class the same piece of notation may be used to signify different concepts.
    Ex: You will be prompted to choose a file; your last search will then be executed automatically in the file that you choose.
    Ex: To infuse into that basic form an element of linguistic liveliness and wit, which marks out the best adult reviewers, is to ask far more than most children can hope to achieve.
    Ex: In effect, we'd be suggesting to them we don't have the book.
    Ex: The faintly irritating moralising tone of this book betokens a real human interest, which must be recovered if there is to be a dialogue of real content.
    Ex: The presence of eggshells, faecal pellets, and silk threads in association with a mite-like animal illustrates a complex ecosystem.
    Ex: One moonlight night Sweeny was brought to our notice by his ejaculations of impatience at being obliged to come to a dead halt.
    Ex: To reconstruct palaeoclimates, palaeoclimatologists analyse tree rings, ice cores, sea sediments and even rock strata which may hold clues to the state of the climate millions of years ago.
    Ex: One look convinced the employer that she was unsuited for the work, and he marked her down as unsuitable.
    * como se indicó en = as was pointed out in.
    * entenderse que indica = take to + indicate.
    * evidencia + indicar = evidence + suggest, evidence + indicate.
    * hacer una marca para indicar el lugar donde uno se ha quedado leyendo = mark + Posesivo + place.
    * indicar a = point + the way to.
    * indicar claramente = make + it + clear.
    * indicar diferencias = point out + differences, note + difference, point to + differences.
    * indicar el camino a seguir = point + the way forward.
    * indicar el camino a seguir para = point + the way to.
    * indicar el camino correcto = point + Nombre + in the right direction.
    * indicar las dificultades = note + difficulties.
    * indicar las formas (de/en que) = point to + ways (of/in which).
    * indicar similitudes = point out + similarities.
    * resultados + indicar = results + indicate.
    * según quedó indicado en = as was pointed out in.

    * * *
    indicar [A2 ]
    vt
    A (señalar) to indicate
    hay una flecha que indica el camino there's an arrow indicating o showing the way
    ¿me podría indicar dónde está la oficina/cómo llegar allí? could you tell me where the office is/how to get there?
    me indicó el lugar en el mapa he showed me o pointed out the place on the map
    todo parece indicar que … all the indications are that …, there is every indication that …
    no hay nada que indique lo contrario there's nothing to say you can't ( o he won't etc), there's nothing to indicate otherwise, there is no indication to the contrary ( frml)
    B
    (prescribir): el abogado indicó el procedimiento que había que seguir the lawyer told us the procedure we had to follow, the lawyer advised us of o indicated the procedure we had to follow
    siga las instrucciones que se indican al dorso follow the instructions given on the back
    C «hechos/indicios» (mostrar, denotar) to indicate, show
    el asterisco indica que se trata de la versión original the asterisk indicates o shows o means that it is the original version
    todo parece indicar que van a bajar los tipos de interés everything seems to point to a fall in interest rates
    es, como su propio nombre indica, una flor azul it is, as its name suggests, a blue flower
    el termómetro indica un ligero descenso de las temperaturas the thermometer shows a slight drop in temperature
    el precio no está indicado en el catálogo the price isn't given o shown in the catalogue
    * * *

     

    indicar ( conjugate indicar) verbo transitivo
    to indicate, show;

    ¿me podría indicar cómo llegar allí? could you tell me how to get there?;
    me indicó el lugar en el mapa he showed me o pointed out the place on the map;
    todo parece indicar que … there is every indication that …;
    el asterisco indica que … the asterisk indicates o shows that …
    indicar verbo transitivo
    1 (señalar) to indicate, show, point out: el reloj indicaba las dos, the clock was showing two
    indícame el camino exacto a tu casa, tell me how I can get to your house
    2 Med (recetar, aconsejar) to prescribe

    ' indicar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    apuntar
    - callar
    - coger
    - decir
    - enferma
    - enfermo
    - entre
    - estar
    - guiar
    - incluso
    - mayoría
    - orientar
    - sobre
    - ver
    - dar
    - denotar
    - marcar
    - señalar
    English:
    denote
    - direction
    - eventual
    - indicate
    - intimate
    - notice
    - observe
    - point
    - point out
    - shall
    - should
    - show
    - signal
    - signify
    - storey
    - suggest
    - tell
    - yet
    - quote
    - suggestive
    * * *
    1. [señalar] to indicate;
    esa flecha indica a la derecha that arrow points to the right;
    esa luz indica que le falta agua al radiador that light shows that the radiator is low on water;
    me indicó con un gesto que me sentara she motioned me to sit down;
    el pronóstico del tiempo indica que va a llover the weather forecast says it's going to rain;
    todo parece indicar que ganará el equipo visitante everything seems to point to a win for the away team;
    su nerviosismo indica que no ha estudiado his nervousness indicates o suggests that he hasn't studied;
    un animal que, como su nombre indica, es salvaje an animal which, as its name suggests, is wild
    2. [explicar] to tell, to explain to;
    nos indicó el camino del aeropuerto she told us the way to the airport;
    ¿me podría indicar cómo llegar al centro? could you tell me how to get to the town centre?;
    yo te indicaré lo que tienes que hacer I'll tell you o explain what you have to do
    3. [prescribir]
    el médico me indicó que reposara the doctor told o advised me to rest
    4. [sugerir] to give an idea of, to intimate;
    sólo indicaremos los resultados generales we will only give an idea of the overall results
    * * *
    v/t
    1 show, indicate
    2 ( señalar) point out
    3 ( sugerir) suggest
    * * *
    indicar {72} vt
    1) señalar: to indicate
    2) enseñar, mostrar: to show
    * * *
    1. (mostrar) to show [pt. showed; pp. shown]
    2. (hacer una señal) to signal [pt. & pp. signalled]
    3. (dar instrucciones) to tell [pt. & pp. told]

    Spanish-English dictionary > indicar

  • 18 Language

       Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)
       It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)
       It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)
       Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)
       It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)
       [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]
       Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it
       Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another
       LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)
       We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)
       We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.
       The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)
       9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language
       The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)
       It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)
       In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)
       In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)
       [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)
       he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.
       The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)
       The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.
       But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)
       The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)
        t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)
       A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)
       Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)
       It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)
       First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....
       Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)
       If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)
        23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction
       Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)
       By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)
       Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

  • 19 precedente

    adj.
    previous, preceding.
    m.
    precedent.
    sentar precedente to set a precedent
    sin precedentes unprecedented
    * * *
    1 preceding
    1 precedent
    \
    sentar precedente to set a precedent
    servir de precedente to set a precedent
    ■ hoy puedes salir, pero que no sirva de precedente you can go out today, but don't make a habit of it
    sin precedente without precedent, unprecedented
    * * *
    1. adj.
    preceding, previous
    2. noun m.
    * * *
    1.
    ADJ preceding, previous, foregoing frm
    2.

    establecer o sentar un precedente — to set a precedent

    sin precedente(s) — (=sin antecedentes) unprecedented, without precedent; (=sin igual) unparalleled

    por primera vez y sin que sirva de precedente, voy a seguir tu consejo — just this once, I'll follow your advice

    * * *
    I
    adjetivo previous
    II
    masculino precedent

    sentar precedentes or (un) precedente — to set a precedent

    * * *
    = precedent, preceding, beginning, foregoing.
    Ex. During the earlier part of the nineteenth century, American printers largely followed English precedents, as they had done throughout the eighteenth.
    Ex. Because the assumption in this method is that none of the preceding years' operations are worth continuing unless they can be shown to be necessary, zero-based budgeting (ZZB) can be useful for paring out the deadwood of obsolete or uselessly extravagant programs.
    Ex. In addition, synthesis often requires the use of a facet indicator, which marks the beginning of a new facet for example.
    Ex. The easiest means of illustrating some of the foregoing points is to introduce in outline some special classification schemes.
    ----
    * que sienta precedente = landmark.
    * relativo a un precedente = precedential.
    * sentar precedente = provide + precedent for, set + precedent.
    * sin precedente = unparalleled, unexampled.
    * sin precedentes = unprecedented, record breaking, record-high, all-time.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo previous
    II
    masculino precedent

    sentar precedentes or (un) precedente — to set a precedent

    * * *
    = precedent, preceding, beginning, foregoing.

    Ex: During the earlier part of the nineteenth century, American printers largely followed English precedents, as they had done throughout the eighteenth.

    Ex: Because the assumption in this method is that none of the preceding years' operations are worth continuing unless they can be shown to be necessary, zero-based budgeting (ZZB) can be useful for paring out the deadwood of obsolete or uselessly extravagant programs.
    Ex: In addition, synthesis often requires the use of a facet indicator, which marks the beginning of a new facet for example.
    Ex: The easiest means of illustrating some of the foregoing points is to introduce in outline some special classification schemes.
    * que sienta precedente = landmark.
    * relativo a un precedente = precedential.
    * sentar precedente = provide + precedent for, set + precedent.
    * sin precedente = unparalleled, unexampled.
    * sin precedentes = unprecedented, record breaking, record-high, all-time.

    * * *
    previous
    el gobierno precedente ya lo había intentado the previous government had already tried
    los días precedentes a su muerte the days leading up to o preceding his death
    las ideas expresadas en el capítulo precedente the ideas set out in the preceding chapter
    precedent
    sentar precedentes or (un) precedente to set a precedent
    bueno, pero que esto no sirva de precedente all right, but I don't want this to become a regular occurrence
    fue un caso sin precedentes it was an unprecedented case
    * * *

    precedente adjetivo
    previous
    ■ sustantivo masculino
    precedent;

    precedente
    I adjetivo previous
    II sustantivo masculino precedent: es una decisión sin precedentes, it's an unprecedented decision
    sentar un precedente, to set a precedent

    ' precedente' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    jurisprudencia
    - sentar
    - antecedente
    - establecer
    - inédito
    English:
    precedent
    - preceding
    - in
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    previous, preceding;
    en años precedentes in previous years
    ♦ nm
    precedent;
    sentar (un) precedente to set a precedent;
    que no sirva de precedente this is not to become a regular occurrence;
    sin precedentes unprecedented
    * * *
    I adj previous
    II m precedent;
    sin precedentes unprecedented, without precedent;
    sentar un precedente set a precedent
    * * *
    : preceding, previous
    : precedent

    Spanish-English dictionary > precedente

  • 20 mowa

    - wy; dat sg - wie; f
    1) ( język) language, tongue; ( zdolność mówienia) speech ( przemówienie) nom pl -wy, gen pl mów

    człowiek, o którym mowa — the man in question

    część mowy — JĘZ part of speech

    mowa zależna/niezależna — JĘZ indirect/direct speech

    * * *
    f.
    1. (= język) language, tongue; (zwł. obca) pot. lingo; ( język określonego środowiska) parlance, idiom; ( język określonego regionu) dialect; mowa ojczysta mother tongue; mowa potoczna colloquial speech; w mowie prawniczej in legal parlance.
    2. (= to, co się mówi) talk, speech; skoro o tym mowa in connection with this; skoro mowa o wakacjach... speaking of holidays...; artykuł, o którym mowa... the article in question...; nie było mowy o czymś there was no mention of sth; nie ma mowy o tym, żeby się mylił there is no possibility of his being wrong; mowa była o przyszłej współpracy the subject (of the discussion) was future cooperation; o wilku mowa speak of the devil; mowy nie ma! l. nie ma mowy! pot. that's out of the question!, no way!, forget it!, no dice!
    3. (= zdolność mówienia) speech; narządy mowy l. aparat mowy speech organs, organs of speech; zaburzenie mowy speech disorder; rozpoznawanie mowy speech recognition; synteza mowy speech synthesis; system rozpoznawania mowy voice recognition system; mowa ciała (psych.) body language; odbierać komuś mowę dumbfound sb; odebrało mu mowę he was left speechless; odzyskać mowę find one's tongue; mowa jest srebrem, milczenie złotem speech is silver, silence is gold.
    4. gram. speech; część mowy part of speech; mowa zależna indirect l. reported speech; mowa niezależna direct speech.
    5. (= wymowa) pronunciation.
    6. Gen.pl. mów (= przemówienie) speech, address; mowa inauguracyjna inaugural speech; mowa pochwalna eulogy; mowa pogrzebowa funeral oration; mowa pożegnalna valediction; mowa obrończa defence; wygłosić mowę (zwł. polityczną) make l. give l. deliver a speech.

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > mowa

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